PHARMACEUTICAL ALGORITHMS TO PERFORM MEDICATION PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (submitted in 2019)
Pdf
European Statement
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Author(s)
Arnaud Potier, Béatrice Demoré, Alexandre Dony, Emmanuelle Divoux, Emmanuelle Boschetti, Laure-Anne Arnoux, Cédric Dupont, Jean-Christophe Calvo, David Piney, Virginie Chopard, Nathalie Cretin, Edith Dufay
Why was it done?
Drug iatrogenia costs global health systems $52 billion annually. The third global patient safety challenge aims at reducing the global burden of iatrogenic medication-related harm by 50% within 5 years [1]. Pharmaceutical analysis is a fundamental activity, a regulatory obligation in many countries but remains a challenge. This practice is highly variable. A graphic definition of the target pharmaceutical analysis has been formalised in December 2017 which sets the basis for its digitalisation, effectively implemented since January 2019. The aim is to build a corpus of the most relevant PA to facilitate clinical pharmacist practice.
What was done?
A computerised clinical pharmacy tool is integrated into the health information system of our group of hospitals (5000 beds) to promote efficiency of pharmaceutical analysis in order to improve patient safety. Pharmaceutical algorithms (PA) are conceptualised to improve drug related problems (DRP) detection and their resolution through pharmaceutical intervention (PI) according to a defined conduct to be held: anamnesis of subjective and objective elements of appreciation, DRP characterisation and PI transmission. Pharmaceutical analysis is performed by the use of PharmaClass® (Keenturtle). This software has been interfaced with 5 health data flow of two health facilities (1000 of the 2000 beds were tested): identity and patient flow, medication data, laboratory results examination, medical history, physiological constants. PA are partially encoded as rules in Pharmaclass® that issues alerts analysed by a pharmacist.
How was it done?
Health data are lacking of semantic interoperability which Pharmaclass® aims at overcoming from Electronical health record (EHR) queries in real time. A corpus of PA has been structured integrating the conduct to be held. PA were created by modeling the pharmaceutical experiment with the thread of criticality. PA were validated by consensus.
What has been achieved?
80 PA were encoded into Pharmaclass®: 40 are targeting serious adverse drug events. 1516 alerts were analysed and 539 PI transmitted during the 9-month test period.
What next?
This practice is applicable to any pharmaceutical analysis that uses data from an EHR. Clinical pharmacy societies should host and take care of updating corpus of PA. Its educational interest should be exploited. A European interest group for artificial intelligence in clinical pharmacy is being created.
IMPROVING INVESTIGATIONAL DRUG MANAGEMENT: AN INNOVATIVE PROCESS
Pdf
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
Francesca Vecchione, Melania Rivano, Patrizia Tadini
Why was it done?
The new process was developed in order to face the significant increase of ID management assigned to the Pharmacy, along with the logistic problems due to the several areas of storage, dispensing and administration. Additionally, it allowed to assure the effective use of ID reducing the risk of failure and improving the patient safety.
What was done?
The Good Clinical Practice guidelines establish that the principal investigator (PI) can delegate the investigational drug management to a pharmacist. In our university teaching hospital with a large amount of clinical trials (CT), pharmacy service proposed an optimisation of ID (investigational drug) management through the elaboration of a form to request the ID. Along with this, we assigned each protocol to a specific type of management and we created an intranet site from where healthcare professionals can download the form.
How was it done?
The pharmacy service created for each CT a specific form organized into 5 sections. Section A, B and C were filled up with protocol information (name, centre code, PI) patient data (initials, patient code) and the treatment schedule. Section C, completed by data manager, showed the quantity of drug to be dispensed and the expected day of administration. Section D was completed with batch and expiry date. The form had to be signed by the pharmacist at the moment of the dispensation and signed back by the committed person who took it. Section E reminded the type of management assigned to the protocol. Five different types of management had been identified, based on the characteristics of storage, the activities required by the protocol (IWRS, unblinded pharmacist, drug preparation) and the dispensing method.
What has been achieved?
Data from January to June 2017 attested 60 ongoing protocols, 722 dispensations for patient, 237 drugs prepared by pharmacists and 986 in Chemotherapy preparation unit. The development of the new procedure ensured the ID tracking, the overcoming of logistical difficulties and an increase of the safety.
What next?
We are going to keep on improving the pharmacist role in CT by ensuring ID are handled, stored and correctly managed. The objective is to enhance the collaboration of clinical research professionals in the management of CT.
IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDELINES FOR THE ACTIVATION OF EFFECTIVE ANTIBIOTICS’ STEWARDSHIP TEAM IN GREEK HOSPITALS – THE ROLE OF HOSPITAL PHARMACIST
Pdf
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
Antonios Markogiannakis, Georgios Pegkas, Calliope Allagianni, Stavroula Efstathiou, Despoina Makridaki
Why was it done?
The term of AST has been introduced in Greek legislation since 2014 and should become the driving force to optimize antimicrobial therapy, especially for the protected antibiotics (PA): carbapenems, colistin and tigecycline. Unfortunately Greece ranks first in Europe in the consumption of the mentioned PA in hospitals, consequently the activation of AST constitutes national priority. The existing law frame defines that AST consists of four key member physicians (experienced in infectious diseases) plus the hospital pharmacist as coordinator of the group. As the number of serving pharmacists in Greece remains critically low, very few hospitals have actually activated the AST. The Panhellenic Association of Hospital Pharmacists (PEFNI) decided to organize regional meetings to enhance the involvement of pharmacists by sharing the practice of experienced colleagues running antibiotic stewardship programs (ASP) in their hospitals since fall of 2016.
What was done?
We have described the sequential steps for the establishment of multidisciplinary Antibiotic Stewardship Team (AST) in Greek hospitals and prepared training material to increase involvement of hospital pharmacists.
How was it done?
We combined the strategies and procedures implemented in the three hospitals during last year, in a flowchart presenting the establishment, activation and feedback of the AST. We have developed an ASP for hospitals, with initial target to minimize the use of PA:. Functional options in each step have been described, making it flexible for the colleagues to selectively implement them in their hospitals. We also created specific educational material to use in regional meetings that PEFNI organizes.
What has been achieved?
The application of ASP and the education of hospital pharmacists as coordinators results in: • Reliable reporting of controlled use for the PA • Safer antimicrobial management practice • Economy on restricted pharmacotherapy budgets • Acknowledgement of the critical role of pharmacists by other healthcare professionals, the hospital manager and the authorities
What next?
• The basic flowchart can be broadened to include subsequent stewardship activities such as recording proper surveillance of more classes of antibiotics, assessment of antimicrobial surgical chemoprophylaxis and/or antifungal pharmacotherapy.
• Connection of local ASP reports to a national network for all hospitals will help towards the creation of a real-time antibiotics’ consumption database in Greece.
BREAKING BARRIERS: MEDICATION SAFETY IN TRANSITIONS OF CARE
Pdf
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
M. Cabré Serres, T. Aguilella Vicente, E. Julián Avila, D. Rodríguez Cumplido, J.M. Pepió Vilaubí, M. Muñoz-García
Why was it done?
As a part of a multicentric medication reconciliation (MR) study in the fragile patient, one of the phases of the project included primary care reconciliation so we had to create alliances and enable effective communication channels between the two levels of care.
What was done?
During 2015, we started using direct messaging between hospital pharmacist (HP) and primary care physician. The messaging tool, which is available in SIRE and ECAP programs, allows you to send messages to all physicians caring for the patient. It also allows you to contact the usual pharmacy of the patient. Physicians receive messages automatically during the patient’s clinical course.
How was it done?
When patients were medically discharged, the HP performed MR. The HP contacted the next provider to inform them of changes in the medication list and safety alerts. When the patient visited the doctor, he already had the pharmacotherapy summary and pharmaceutical recommendations in the patient’s electronic clinical course. Afterwards, the HP assessed if the pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) had been accepted.
What has been achieved?
We started using the tool in January 2015. We performed 205 discharge reconciliations and have sent 143 messages. This would be 0.7 PIs/patient. PIs have been: 26.6% (n=38) remove medication, 21.0% (n=30) monitor treatment, 21.0% (n=30) increase adherence, 11.2% (n=16) modify dose, 8.4% (n=12) add medication, 6.3%(n=9) modify posology and 5.6% (n=8) replace medication. Finally, 72.7% (n=104) of PIs have been accepted and 27.3% (n=39) rejected. We can also analyse population characteristics and the drugs involved in the PIs.
What next?
We are breaking barriers between hospital and primary care with nexus of the HP, who has begun to be part of the medical team. We want to continue in this direction to improve the results of our PIs. We want to determine if our PIs improve health outcomes. Another current problem in the transition of care is hyperprescription treatments with proton pump inhibitors or benzodiazepines. A de-prescription programme could be the next step.
RENAL PHARMACIST OPTIMISES HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS
Pdf
European Statement
Introductory Statements and Governance
Author(s)
A. Frisch, D. Scharlemann-Moenks, K. Heinitz, R. Frontini
Why was it done?
Limited resources require optimisation of pharmacists’ interventions (EAHP Statement 1.3). Due to the limited number of clinical pharmacists (5/1350 beds) only a few wards were served by the pharmacy. We aimed to improve the effectiveness by covering selected patients in all wards and compared the results with a classic visit.
What was done?
Instead of visiting all patients in selected wards, pharmacists focused on patients with critical renal insufficiency across all wards.
How was it done?
The central laboratory identified patients as high risk when their glomerular filtration rates were <30 ml/min, and alerted the pharmacy via email. For those patients, the renal pharmacist analysed the prescribed medication at least twice weekly throughout their hospital stay for medication errors, dosing and interactions, and suggested alternatives where necessary. Interventions were discussed either directly with the doctors or by written advice. The major obstacle was the fact that clinical services by pharmacists were unknown in most wards and that some of the doctors were sceptical about the pharmacist`s competency. We overcame these obstacles by intensive collaboration with the nephrology department.
What has been achieved?
Over 20 months involving 4229 visits, the renal pharmacist analysed the medication of 2125 patients who had 11 different drugs on average. The pharmacist assessed 47 584 medications, resulting in 2900 interventions, of which 1292 were renal and 1608 other. The most common interventions for renal patients were dosage adjustments (20%), contraindications (16%) and interactions (10%). Overall, the number of interventions (6.1% of medication items) and their severity across all renal insufficiency patients exceeded those on the visceral surgical ward (2.4%) over the same time as a comparator, confirming the higher effectiveness of the intervention.
What next?
To conduct further studies on medication safety, we established a centre for drug therapy safety in collaboration with the faculty of pharmacy with the aim of discovering valid criteria for identifying other high risk patients.