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Author(s)

Tanja Schicksnus

Why was it done?

The team of the geriatric trauma center consists of an orthopedic surgeon, geriatrician, nurse, physiotherapist, occupational therapist and a discharge management and diabetic nutrition expert according to the German society for orthopedic surgery (DGU) and now also a pharmacist who performs risk screening for drug-related problems such as fall, dizziness, cognitive impairment, conspicuous laboratory values, lack of appetite, etc. immediately after admission, in order to optimize drug therapy.

What was done?

The geriatric trauma center aims to provide geriatric patients with the best possible peri- and post-operative care after a fall with a fracture so that they resume their usual life and environment after the hospital stay. The pharmacist joined the interdisciplinary team with the aim of a medication review for the often multi-morbid and multi-prescription patients.

How was it done?

After the patient has been assigned to geriatric complex therapy according to the DGU criteria, the doctor requests a pharmacological consultation for this patient via the digital patient record. The pharmacist carries out a medication analysis with information from the record as well as bed side visits focusing on possible medication based problems.
Results are stored in the consultation report, serving as documentation and as basis for later evaluation. Important information for immediate implementation is highlighted in the digital file and transmitted to the attending physician by telephone.
Once a week, the entire team meets, with the scope for each patient being: What are the remaining problems? How can these be solved (interdisciplinary)?

What has been achieved?

During four months, medication reviews were carried out for about 100 patients. In the areas of bleeding risk, anticholinergic adverse events, antibiotics, malnutrition, dose adjustments and medicines inappropriate for geriatric patients, for one third of patients corrections led to an improvement in patients. For nearly 10% of patients also a prescription cascade was resolved and some medical device training has increased drug therapy safety.

What next?

Future benefit evaluation will be carried out based on resumption of patients due to a fall, in the categories: Time until next hospital admission, reason for next admission, adoption of optimized medication plan.

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Author(s)

Olga Nedopilkova, Stanislav Gregor

Why was it done?

The project was created to increase quality and maintain continuity of a health care provided in the Czech Republic and to prevent any discontinuity which could endanger the patient. Emergency dispensing of a drug is enabled by new functionality which is the patient’s drug record (PDR) which was only launched in the CZE in June 2020. Last but not least it is about expanding existing competencies of pharmacists and strengthening pharmacists’ position in the healthcare system.

What was done?

The Association of Young Pharmacists, with support of the Czech Chamber of Pharmacists, created a project which is focusing on a possibility of dispensing a chronically used prescription drug in case a patient cannot obtain a prescription for various reasons (“emergency dispensing of a drug”). In hospital pharmacies in the Czech Republic (CZE), it is possible to dispense medicines to the public. A concept has been developed that describes all the essentials that must be followed.

How was it done?

A project proposal describing specific situations when the pharmacist can proceed to emergency dispensing, rules of the actual implementation and also cost analysis has been prepared). A search for experience from abroad has been conducted as well. Subsequently, a survey among pharmacists was conducted. The purpose of the survey was to determine whether pharmacists are interested in this competence and have comments on it. Then a comprehensive concept was submitted to the Ministry of Health. Specific legislative changes will now be needed.

What has been achieved?

Among pharmacists in the CZE, a considerable agreement was reached with the draft. According to the survey 94% of pharmacists agree with the prepared proposal, 3.2% disagree, and the remaining 2.8% agree with minor modifications to the request. Furthermore, we managed to develop a concept that describes detailed conditions for dispensing drugs in emergency mode. The concept was submitted to the Ministry of Health, with which the details of this proposal will now be gradually negotiated.

What next?

This project represents only one of the new competencies that pharmacists could achieve. We want to follow up on this step with another project that would enable pharmacists to prescribe chronically used drugs under specific conditions even outside emergency situations.

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Author(s)

Grainne Johnston, Jennifer Brown

Why was it done?

The High Tech Scheme (HTS) in Ireland facilitates access to high cost drugs with proven cost benefit for patients. Combined national expenditure on adalimumab (Humira®) and etanercept (Enbrel®) exceeded €190 million in 2017. Biosimilar versions of both drugs are available, however largely not utilised. The most cost effective options for each drug were designated as the Best Value Biologic (BVB). Prescribing a BVB option offers the opportunity to save a considerable amount of money for the state.

What was done?

The Mater Misericordiae University (MMUH) Integrated Medicines Optimisation Pharmacist (IMOP) provided education and removed barriers to initiate biosimilar prescribing of adalimumab and Enbrel in the MMUH.

How was it done?

The MMUH IMOP was delegated to assist with implementation of BVBs prescribing.
The MMUH IMOP generated Patient Information Leaflets in relation to BVB switching.
The IMOP reviewed out-patients currently prescribed Humira® or Enbrel®, and provided education and information on switching from the originator to the BVB

What has been achieved?

Prior to the IMOP intervention, no patients in the MMUH had been prescribed a BVB.
Following IMOP intervention, between June 26 and September 27, 2019:
• 291 Humira® or Enbrel® patients were scheduled to attend MMUH rheumatology, gastroenterology and dermatology clinics.
• Of these, 64% (n=185) were switched to a BVB. An additional 19 patients were newly commenced on a BVB.
• The IMOP educated and counselled 91% (n=92), 93% (n=53) and 48% (n=13) of patients switched to a BVB in rheumatology, gastroenterology and dermatology respectively.
The largest contributing factor identified for patients not being prescribed a BVB was, no review by the IMOP prior to medical review; 65% (n=35), 59% (n=10) and 86% (n=12) for rheumatology gastroenterology, and dermatology respectively.

What next?

BVB prescribing can save vital health funds for the state while maintaining patient care. The MMUH IMOP is now progressing to adopt BVB prescribing for a number of other biological medicines at significant savings for the MMUH and state.

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Author(s)

Isabelle Sommer, David Palmero, Céline Julie Fischer-Fumeaux, Lydie Beauport, Vincent Adamo, Hervé Schwebel, Pascal Bonnabry, Lucie Bouchoud, Farshid Sadeghipour

Why was it done?

PN can be composed of about 50 different ingredients, whereof the majority are amino acids (AA). Therefore, PN represents a complex and high-risk fabrication. ME are often related to PN and may include prescription, transcription, preparation, and administration errors. As the treatment with PN is indispensable for a good cerebral and neurologic development as well as a postnatal weight gain, ME can result in growth retardation, developmental disturbances, and infections.
This project was performed with the aim to reduce ME having an impact on vulnerable newborns and to improve the security and quality of their nutritional treatment.

What was done?

A standardized pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) solution for the first days of life of newborn infants has been developed. An industrial partner manufactures the ready-to-use double-chamber bag which is available 24/7 and of high-quality allowing a secured administration as well as a reduction of medication errors (ME).

How was it done?

A working group composed of pharmacists, clinicians, neonatologists, and industrials developed a PN solution for the first days of life of newborn infants conforming to the needs of two different neonatal services. An applied standardized PN and the ESPGHAN guidelines haven been used as references. The feasibility of an industrial production of double-chamber bags has been evaluated and implemented.

What has been achieved?

The developed PN solution has been formulated for a peripheral venous administration with an osmolarity under 900 mOsm/L to allow a wider range of application. The production of double-chamber bags has been chosen to increase the stability and shelf-life. The first compartment contains an AA admixture and the second compartment contains glucose and electrolytes (sodium, calcium, organic phosphate). This solution is initially produced by the service of pharmacy and afterwards by the industrial partner. The standardized PN bag has been implemented successfully on the neonatal ward in March 2019. Since then, almost 1800 standardized bags have been used (appr. 90 bags/month), resulting in a reduction of individual on-ward PN preparations of nearly 80%.

What next?

Further standardized PN for newborn infants need to be developed to allow a safe nutritional treatment. On-ward PN preparations must be prohibited to prevent undetectable preparation errors.

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Author(s)

SOFIA KONSTANTINIDOU, VANGELIS KARALIS

Why was it done?

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), like erlotinib and gefitinib, are widely used in anticancer therapy. However, after long term administration of TKIs, resistance is observed in the majority of patients. Thus, it is necessary to be able to define individualised dosage regimens for TKIs in cancer patients. Nowadays, modelling and simulation approaches represent the most powerful tool in the hands of clinical pharmacists towards precision medicine.

What was done?

Population pharmacokinetic (PK) – pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling was utilised to simulate erlotinib and gefitinib dosage regimens for non-small cell lung cancer. In silico clinical trials with virtual patients, of several resistance levels, were simulated in order to optimise pharmacotherapy and get better therapeutic outcomes.

How was it done?

The utilised PK/PD model and average parameter values were obtained from the study of Eigenmann and colleagues. This model was fully validated using statistical criteria and goodness of fit plots. In order to simulate many possible conditions that may occur in clinical practice, several different values of erlotinib and gefitinib clearance, absorption rate, pharmacodynamic characteristics (like tumor volume), and resistance were assessed. In addition, several dosage schemes were simulated. The entire modelling work was performed in Monolix® 2019R1.

What has been achieved?

Concentration vs. time and effect vs. time plots for the virtual patients were simulated for a variety of conditions and tumour resistance levels. For both TKIs, decrease of body clearance led to higher plasma concentrations, as well as more intense and longer duration of the effect (i.e. tumour volume shrinkage). Enhanced drug effect on resistant cells resulted in a decrease in tumour volume. In addition, a variety of concentration-time profiles were simulated, making it possible to choose the best regimen for each patient.

What next?

In this study, the use of modelling techniques led to the simulation of many conditions of patients and adjustment of dosage regimens according to their needs. Wider application of in silico methods using virtual patients will allow the design of the most appropriate individualised dosage schemes tailored to the patients’ requirements.

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Author(s)

Eva Heffernan, Deirdre Smith , Avril Tierney, Louise McDonnell

Why was it done?

Transitions of care such as hospital discharge present an opportunity for medication error. Lapses in communication at this interface are common. For the next healthcare provider (HCP) to issue the correct medication safely and in a timely manner, the discharge prescription needs to bridge this communication gap. Prescribing errors are the most frequent subtype of medication errors and can be repeated systematically for prolonged periods. Detection of medication error using tools such as audit, learning from these errors and planning corrective action is essential to building safer healthcare systems.
This study adapted the Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) national standard for patient discharge summaries to create a benchmark for discharge prescriptions in SVPH. A QI initiative targeting prescribers was developed. This was designed as a bundle intervention and was called the Discharge Prescription Education Bundle (DPEB).

What was done?

The aim of this project was to evaluate the current level of discrepancies on discharge prescriptions for surgical and medical patients and to ascertain if a quality improvement (QI) initiative can impact on the severity of medication error at the point of discharge.

How was it done?

Uncontrolled consecutive baseline and re-audit of discharge prescriptions on a 26-bed mixed medical and surgical ward. The baseline audit assessed 70 patients’ discharge prescriptions. Deviations from the standard were termed discrepancies. Discrepancies were divided based on capacity to cause error (NCC-MERP Category A) and error occurred (NCC-MERP Category B-I). Discrepancies where an error occurred (NCC-MERP Category B-I) were reported using the in-house medication incident reporting (MIR) system and dually assessed by an independent panel and the project lead for potential to cause harm. The QI initiative was implemented and its impact assessed with a re-audit of 70 patients’ discharge prescriptions.

What has been achieved?

The overall number of discrepancies reduced from 156 in the baseline to 59 in the re-audit (p<0.05). Overall compliance with the audit standards improved from 17.1% to 54.3% (p <0.05). In the baseline audit 22.8% (n=16) of patients had a discrepancy where an error occurred; this reduced to 2.65% (n=2) in the re-audit (p<0.05). The severity of errors reduced in the re-audit.

What next?

The QI initiative used was proactive not reactive. Use of the discharge education bundle was not restricted to pharmacy opening hours.
This initiative was very low cost to implement. Following on from the successful results of this project one component of DPEB called the discharge prescription visual prompt is now preprinted on all SVPH discharge prescriptions as a reminder to prescribers.

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Author(s)

MARTA VALERA-RUBIO, ROSARIO MORA-SANTIAGO, MARIA ISABEL SIERRA-TORRES, JOSE LUIS ORTIZ-LATORRE, ISABEL MOYA-CARMONA

Why was it done?

The existence of different prescription systems could lead to validation errors when the pharmacist responsible for the ICU is not available. Furthermore, ICU physicians could not benefit from all the advantages that the official prescription system included. The presence of a common integrated prescription system among all units allow the exchange of prescription drug information between the ICU and the rest of the units, in accord with the health situation of the patient. Moreover, with this new system they can have access to allergies, renal adjustment doses, recommended posologies, therapeutic exchanges, and pharmacy validation, among other items.

Moreover, with this new system they can have access to allergies, renal adjustment doses, recommended posologies, therapeutic exchanges, and pharmacy validation, among other items.

What was done?

The intensive care unit (ICU) used a computerised physician order entry system different from all the hospital units. The pharmacy service, along with the ICU physicians and nurses, have tried to adapt the special features of this unit to integrate it with the clinical decision prescription system that is official in the hospital.

How was it done?

A multidisciplinary team formed by ICU staff (doctors and nurses) and pharmacists met to discuss the points that should be followed when implementing the new electronic prescription programme. In these working meetings, especially with physicians, we tried to agree on what and how the infusion protocols would be included in the new system, based on the infusion pumps guides made by both units. A pilot phase was established by the end of July 2019 to detect possible errors in the process of prescription, and mostly, when a patient changed from two units, from the ICU to another health care service and vice versa. All errors or discordances found were discussed between the pharmacist and the physician or the nurse, and in order to solve them we contacted the managers of the prescription system or we modified the parameters that are included in the system such as names of drugs, dosage guidelines, new nurses’ orders, etc.

What has been achieved?

The implementation of this new system has been well embraced by the staff, since it allowed a more efficient and secure health care circuit for the patients. All physicians are now able to use this system while the other one is no longer used.

What next?

We will continue making formative sessions with both physicians and nurses, in order to solve all the doubts that can appear during the training period. We will update periodically the available data and make improvements in the programme configuration.

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Author(s)

Beatriz Zurita Alonso, Marta Martí Navarro, Monica Estelrich, Alejandro Ballestero Corominas, Anna Badell Giralt, Diana Patricia Vera Rodríguez, Milagros Ricse Salcedo, Roxana Rubio Vargas

Why was it done?

The use of biosimilar drugs has been a breakthrough to improve the sustainability of the health system. Although since 2015 position papers have been published by some scientific societies, there is no clear consensus about the recommendation for a switch from the original drug to its biosimilar. The rate of biosimilar use in our country is one of the lowest in Europe.

What was done?

The pharmacy service led the creation of a working group formed by rheumatologists, gastroenterologists, dermatologists and pharmacists to promote the use of biosimilar drugs in our hospital.

How was it done?

The working group wrote a consensus document in which it was jointly decided to start all new biological treatments with biosimilars. In addition, it was decided that the prescribers would determine which patients were candidates for switch to a biosimilar based on clinical criteria. If the drug is administered subcutaneously, the pharmacist is responsible to explain the reason for the change and the management of the new device to the patient. In case of disagreement, the original is kept and communicated to the prescribing physician. If the drug is administered intravenously, it is the physician who informs the patient about the change.

What has been achieved?

From May 2019 to September 2019, 17 switches were made: 4 infliximab (66.7%), 9 adalimumab (10.1%) and 4 rituximab (80.0%). This measure led to an economic saving of €111,106.96 per year. Twenty new treatments with biosimilars were started: 1 with etanercept, 2 with infliximab, and 17 with adalimumab. This supposed an economic saving of €141,826.36/year if we compare with the cost of the original drug. The rate of antiTNF biosimilars increased from 33% to 48% in 5 months. None of the patients refused the use of a biosimilar. By now, all treatments maintain their effectiveness without safety issues. This optimisation of treatments will allow the hospital to treat a greater number of patients and invest in innovative treatments.

What next?

These results indicate a great opportunity to offer biological treatment to a higher number of patients every year. Therefore, our objective is to achieve the switch of remaining patients as it could generate an additional saving of €630,072.28 per year.

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Author(s)

Marie Keane

Why was it done?

In the ICU there was a lot of misunderstanding around the administration of vancomycin by intermittent dosing, particularly around the timing of pre-dose vancomycin levels and appropriate dose adjustment. It could take several days for a patient to reach the therapeutic range of vancomycin.

What was done?

A protocol for the administration of vancomycin by continuous infusion was developed for patients on ICU, replacing the previous method of giving vancomycin by intermittent dosing; this was developed in consultation with the Anaesthetics and Microbiology Departments.

How was it done?

To develop a vancomycin continuous infusion dosing schedule for patients admitted to ICU, through a review of the available literature and with reference to vancomcyin continuous infusion protocols already established on ICUs in other hospitals. A proposal for administration of vancomycin continuous infusion needs to be included on the electronic clinical information system currently in use in the ICU. An IV drug monograph for vancomcyin by continuous infusion will be included in the ‘ Intravenous Medication Infusion Guidelines’; this will provide information on compatibility with other infusions if required. To recommend vancomycin continuous infusion in patients as agreed with the Anaesthetics and Microbiology Consultants at the daily ward review, this would require the patient to have a dedicated IV line.

What has been achieved?

A finalised version of the Vancomycin Continuous Infusion protocol has been developed in consultation with Anaesthetic and Microbiology Consultants. We have included additional information for patients on CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) that has been used in some patients on continuous vancomycin infusion. A standardised prescription for infusion of vancomycin is available on the electronic prescribing system. Vancomycin continuous infusion is now recommended for any patients requiring vancomycin therapy on the ICU.

What next?

We would propose to audit the number of patients on Vancomycin Continuous Infusion in the ICU, including time taken to reach therapeutic range, frequency of sampling and any other cost-saving initiatives perceived.

Author(s)

Andreas von Ameln-Mayerhofer, Martin Breuling, Ina Geist

Why was it done?

In the context of antibiotic stewardship, rapid oralisation of a parenteral antibiotic is recommended in many antibiotic stewardship guidelines. Such a sequence therapy is easy to implement if both application pathways lead to comparable efficacy levels at the site of infection. However, this does not apply to all anti-infectives, in particular some beta-lactam antibiotics represent a challenge in therapy. Additionally, the information about this topic is very sparse in the literature.

What was done?

In order to achieve an improvement in antimicrobial prescriptions, we have addressed possible problems regarding oralisation of antibiotics. For this purpose, we graphically compared the simulated efficacy levels of parenteral and oral forms of beta-lactams.

How was it done?

We programmed a computer based procedure that allows a simulation of plasma levels of antibiotics upon intravenous versus oral administration. Based on the obtained data and EUCAST-based MIC-distributions for a set of bacteria, we assessed the respective putative clinical actions.

What has been achieved?

Our simulations show that some oral beta-lactams do not reach the PK/PD condition of a sufficient therapy (fT>MHK) in the approved dosage. The simulations have been used for education seminars with physicians and partly led to an improvement in oralisation procedures. Additionally, an oralisation standard has been established.

What next?

Our next step is to develop a special prescription form for oral antibiotics which will enable us to control prescription behaviour even more effectively. We plan to monitor the prescription habits for anti-infectives more closely before and after establishing the prescription form.