EAHP represents over 29,000 hospital pharmacists across 36 member countries. EAHP represents and develops the hospital pharmacy profession within Europe in order to ensure the continuous improvement of care and outcomes for patients in the hospital setting. This is achieved through science, research, education, practice, as well as sharing best-practice and responsibility with other healthcare professionals.
The EAHP Board, elected for three-year terms, oversees the association’s activities. Comprising directors responsible for core functions, it meets regularly to implement strategic goals. Supported by EAHP staff, the Board controls finances, coordinates congress organization, and ensures compliance with statutes and codes of conduct.
The EAHP staff supports the Board in executing EAHP’s mission. The Staff assists in financial management, events organisations, policy activities and all EAHP projects. The EAHP staff works closely with EAHP’s members and ensures the effective communication all relevant stakeholders.
The first member countries were Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and The Netherlands in 1972. EAHP has now 36 EAHP members and 2 Associate Members. EAHP is open to countries members of the Council of Europe and since 2022 to organisations representing the interests of hospital pharmacists from outside the Council of Europe (Associate Membership)
EAHP’s structure is also composed by different standing committes: EAHP Scientific Committee, EAHP Education Executive Committee and the EAHP CTF Steering Committee.
At EAHP, we are committed to transparency in our governance, ethical standards, and funding practices. This section provides open access to our foundational documents, including the EAHP Statutes, Code of Conduct, and Funding Sources. By sharing these resources, we aim to uphold accountability and foster trust with our members, partners, and the public.
Keep up with all EAHP’s events and webinars. Contact the team at info@eahp.eu should you have any questions about upcoming events or activities.
Here you can find all upcoming events organised by EAHP and by all its members and associate members. Do not hesitate to contact the events team at events@eahp.eu should you have any questions about the organisation of these events.
Hospital pharmacists conduct a critical role in the care of patients in hospitals. Learn more about what they do here and in all the pages under Hospital Pharmacy practice and Policy.
Self-Assessment
SILCC
Closed SIGs
EAHP brings together experts from many areas of hospital pharmacy practice providing and highlighting good local sustainable practices as that can be up-scaled and shared with other countries. The EAHP Working Group on Sustainability has the aim of reducing the environmental burden of the hospital pharmacy services.
The European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP), and its 36 member country platforms are creating a Common Training Framework for the hospital pharmacy education in Europe. The goal of this project is to allow the free movement of hospital pharmacists within the European Union.
The European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) and the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) have collaboratively developed the Oath to Society. The Oath to Society is all encompassing and acts as a contract for excellence in providing compassionate patient care, working as part of the healthcare team and advancing the pharmacy profession, and showcasing how clinical and hospital pharmacists work every day
A day created to highlight the importance and to celebrate the work done by hospital pharmacies. This day celebrates all hospital pharmacy teams.
Catch up with EAHP’s press releases
Find all EAHP relevant publication like the EAHP Surveys, annual reports and the history books.
The European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy (EJHP) is the only official journal of the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) and is committed to advancing the science, practice and profession of hospital pharmacy. As the premier communication platform for hospital pharmacists worldwide, EJHP is a major source for continuing education as well as updates on advances in the practice and standard of pharmaceutical care for patients.
When EAHP and Hospital pharmacists appear in the news.
EAHP publishes a monthly EU monitor with updates about the latest EAHP initiatives and information relevant for the hospital pharmacy profession.
Sponsor Channel
The Sponsor Channel is designed to maximise visibility and engagement, allowing sponsors to connect with the hospital pharmacy community and partners in a dynamic and interactive environment. From product demonstrations to networking sessions, the Sponsor Channel offers a range of opportunities for sponsors to showcase their offerings and generate leads in the new EAHP Website.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Sebastian Philip, Andreas Lundgaard
The screening aimed to ensure the rational use of antibiotics, contributing to the fight against antibiotic resistance and potentially shortening hospital stays by optimizing treatment.
A systematic screening of antibiotic treatments for patients was conducted as part of the daily tasks performed by clinical pharmacists at The Medical Acute Care Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital.
For each patient receiving antibiotic treatment in the emergency department, the chosen therapy was systematically reviewed against regional antibiotic guidelines, considering factors such as allergies, resistance profiles, renal function, clinical indication and overall condition of the patient. Recommendations of adjustment of treatment were discussed with the attending physician for potential changes in therapy, including changes to dosage, frequency, route of administration, alternative antibiotic drug, or discontinuation of treatment. All interventions were documented, including the details of the therapy, the recommendation, and whether the attending physician approved the suggested changes.
A large dataset has been collected, detailing the number of patients receiving antibiotic treatment, the number of interventions conducted, the specific antibiotic treatment each patient received, the type of intervention performed and its indication, and whether the intervention was approved or rejected by the responsible physician.
The project has laid the groundwork for understanding the clinical pharmacist’s role in enhancing rational antibiotic pharmacotherapy.
It is planned to analyze the collected data to determine the types of changes in therapy most commonly recommended by clinical pharmacists and to which degree the interventions were approved or denied by the attending physician.
This will provide insights into the pharmaceutical contributions to more rational antibiotic use, highlighting commonly observed ‘areas for improvement’ that could potentially be addressed through education.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
ANDREA RODRÍGUEZ ESQUÍROZ, AMAYA ECHEVERRÍA GORRITI, Mª CONCEPCIÓN CELAYA LECEA, MARTA MARÍN MARÍN, LOREA SANZ ÁLVAREZ, PATRICIA GARCÍA GONZÁLEZ, JAVIER GORRICHO MENDIVIL, JAVIER GARJÓN PARRA.
A prescription alert system was developed in our region for the management of drugs in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
A preliminary study made in our region showed that around one in four prescribed medications in cirrhotic patients are contraindicated or overdosed. Besides, it is estimated that around 38% of cirrhotic patients suffer any adverse effect despite approximately 70% of them are preventable.
In addition, safety problems can emerge due to the lack of data regarding drugs management in patients with cirrhosis.
For these reasons, it was essential to develop a tool that helped clinicians during the prescription process and pharmacists while pharmaceutical validation and medication review.
A computer-generated prescription alert system was developed. This system provides security data and dosing recommendations according to Child-Pugh classification of each patient. Besides, the tool suggests safer alternatives when an unsafe drug is prescribed. These recommendations were extracted from the product information and three databases: UpToDate, RxCirrhosis and Geneesmiddelen bij.
According to last laboratory data available from the electronic medical records such as bilirubin, prothrombin time and albumin, this tool estimates the Child-Pugh score, that must be completed with ascites and encephalopathy grade.
At this time, this tool is only available for clinical pharmacists for validation, and it is expected to be implemented for physicians soon.
From May to September 2024, a total of 202 drugs were included, 59 (29.2%) were considered contraindicated in some degree of cirrhosis, so it was recommended not to use. Dose adjustment was proposed in 109 (54.0%) drugs, while in 13.9% the tool recommended a safer alternative drug.
In order to complement this issue, information and training sessions were given about safe management of drugs in cirrhotic patients.
We are working in order to include safety data about more drugs in this alert system.
We hope this tool can help professionals of other regions and countries.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
A. ALENTADO MATEU 1 , L. ALVAREZ ARROYO 1 , R. MARTINEZ GOZALBEZ 2 , O. PEREZ OLASO 3 , R. LIMÓN RAMIREZ 4, B. MONTAÑÉS PAULS 1 .
1 HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PLANA, FARMACIA, VILA-REAL, ESPAÑA.
2 HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PLANA, INFORMÁTICA, VILA-REAL, ESPAÑA.
3 HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PLANA, MICROBIOLOGIA, VILA-REAL, ESPAÑA.
4 HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PLANA, MEDICINA PREVENTIVA, VILA-REAL, ESPAÑA.
For years, Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) teams have been working to improve the quality of antimicrobial prescription by optimizing treatments, controlling bacteremia and managing infections caused by resistant or difficult to treat microorganisms.
It is essential to have a software tool that allows real-time monitoring of both treatments and certain cultures.
The ASP team, in collaboration with the information technology unit designed, developed and implemented a computer application at our center to support the ASP team. This application screens inpatients, searching for any of the predefined parameter alerts based on the type of antibiotic prescribed, the microorganism causing the infection, positive blood cultures or patients who are difficult to manage.
This alert system is based on the integration of the various hospital clinical information systems. Admitted patients are selected after a medical prescription of certain predefined antibiotics (carbapenems, daptomycin, linezolid, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, etc); these data are obtained from the electronic prescription programme (Athos-Prisma®). Microbiological criteria (Gestlab@ programme) include multi-resistant microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), positive blood cultures, Pseudomonas, etc. Based on clinical criteria, patients who are difficult to manage can be manually included in the computer programme, mainly by the internal medicine and intensive care unit departments. The antimicrobial and microbiological criteria are dynamic and can be modified as needed.
From June 1 st 2023 to February 1 st 2024, 300 different patients have underwent interventions. In the patient’s electronic medical record from the ASP application, 355 ASP recommendations were made for 236 patients. ASP interventions included recommended isolation measures (242), modifying or suspending antibiotic treatment (68), maintaining adequate antibiotic treatment (22), initiating antibiotic treatment (11) and requesting complementary tests (12), such as imaging, cultures or serology.
This application is a fundamental communication tool for ASP teams allowings different recommendations for optimizing antimicrobial treatment to be made in the application. It automatically generates a note in the patient’s clinical history, making it accessible to all healthcare professionals and allowings for easy extrapolation to other hospitals, enabling its implementation in daily clinical practice.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Solís-Cuñado S. (1), Sánchez-Cerviño A.C. (2), Martínez-Núñez M.E. (1), Gómez-Bermejo M. (1), Martín-Zaragoza L. (1), Rubio-Ruiz L. (1), Onteniente-González A. (1), Molina-García T. (1)
1. Hospital Pharmacy Service, Getafe University Hospital, Getafe (Madrid), Spain.
2. Hospital Pharmacy Service, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain.
The implementation of multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship teams(AST) in hospitals optimizes antibiotic use in order to improve clinical results, reduce antibiotic toxicity and minimize the emergence and spread of multidrug resistant(MDR) bacteria.
The objective is to present targeted interventions for the improvement of the management of lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI) and to reflect the impact of these strategies through the presentation of antibiotic use results.
Two main interventions have been implemented in LRTI:
-Protocolize the management of community-acquired pneumonia(CAP) in order to prioritize beta-lactam plus macrolide(bLM) combination versus fluoroquinolones(FQ) monotherapy. The aim is to decrease FQ consumption due to their safety issues and the major role of this antibiotics in the emergence of MDR bacteria.
-Identify patients with severe LRTI and/or risk factors of multi-drug resistant(RFMDR) bacterial infections to encourage nasal swab screening(NSS) for meticillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) to promote de-escalation of anti-MRSA antibiotics.
Study period: 2023 and first semester of 2024.
-CAP guideline: we studied the bLM vs FQ consumption expressed as the ratio between bLM DOT/FQ DOT (Days Of Therapy; DOT) in all hospitalized patients. Analysis was carried out on forth-month period.
-NSS: we reviewed the total number of NSS performed and the impact on duration of antiMRSA antibiotics therapy. Analysis by semesters.
After protocolization, the BLM´s DOT/FQ´s DOT ratio increased 39.4% from the beginning of 2023 until 2024: 0.66 vs 0.92.
Our AST reviewed 378 episodes of LRTI. At least one nasal screening was performed in 60.6% of episodes (n=229/378) of which 29.2% were positive (n=67/229). The mean duration of treatment with anti-MRSA antibiotics in the positive cases was 7.42 days, while in the 214 negative cases it was 6.4 days.
69% of the patients with LRTI that have been reviewed in our AST meets at least one RFMDR.
The frequent lack of diagnostic value of respiratory samples, coupled with the high percentage of RFMDR patients, results in long-lasting broad-spectrum empirical antibiotic treatments.
It is therefore proposed that a polymerase chain reaction(PCR) test be performed on candidate patients for the purpose of screening for MRSA, with a view to obtaining rapid results that will facilitate earlier antibiotic de-escalations.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Mafalda Cavalheiro 1
Maria José Rei 1
Ana Rita Silva 1
Patrícia Batalha Silva 1
Carolina Marques 1
Miriam Capoulas 1
1- Pharmacy Department, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Portugal
Low serum Infliximab are associated with lost of response and development of immunogenicity. Moreover, therapeutic levels without the control of the inflammatory activity may inform about the necessity of changing the therapeutic class. While monitoring serum levels in the absence of response is already well established, the proactive monitoring of serum levels at defined timings during the induction and maintenance phases of therapy is beginning to be recommended by several leading organizations.
Establishment of a protocol for proactive serum monitoring of Infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease, to guide the interpretation of serum levels, optimize dosage and therapeutic response.
Implementation took place in several stages. 1) Theoretical and practical training culminating in the discussion and drafting of a technical guideline including a monitoring protocol with the Gastroenterology team. 2) Organization of the sample collection and analysis circuit. The analytical technique is a rapid test that allows the detection of infliximab levels and anti-infliximab antibodies. 3) Finally, dosage optimization (maintenance of the reference dosage or intensification – shortening the administration interval or increasing the dose) is carried out with the support of population pharmacokinetic models using the DoseMeRx software, interpreted in the context of the overall response assessment in conjunction with the clinical team. The main limitation identified had to do with awareness of the medical team to rational dosage adjustments based on the population model.
15 patients were included with a median age of 33 years; 11 of these were diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis and 4 with Crohn’s Disease. A total of 24 tests were carried out (21 with a proactive strategy and three with a reactive strategy). Of the doses taken at week 6, 60% were below the reference range considered. The dosage regimen was intensified in 64% of the recommendations. Of the patients analyzed, 76% maintained their response, although the duration of treatment was less than a year in most cases.
The strategy of proactive monitoring and dose intensification may have contributed to achieving and maintaining the response to treatment with Infliximab, but the small number of patients and the duration of the analysis call for further analysis.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Maibritt Skov Olsen, Bernd Utech
Pharmacy technicians at the Medical Ward of Bornholm Hospital adjusted medication orders to align with the hospital’s medication assortment. Operating under delegated prescribing authority; they prescribed, paused, and discontinued specific medications within a framework agreement and documented changes in the Electronic Medication Module “Sundhedsplatform” system.
Patients often bring medications outside of the hospital’s assortment. Adjustment of these medications is time-consuming and can lead to documentation challenges. Delegating this responsibility to pharmacy technicians aimed to enhance patient safety by ensuring scan-ready medications and freeing up physicians’ time for other tasks.
A medication adjustment list was created by the pharmacy and department physician, outlining which drugs the technicians could adjust or discontinue. Pharmacy technicians were trained, and annual audits were conducted by the department physician. In a period of 13 days, a time study was made to track interventions; consultations with physicians, and time spent adjusting medications in the Sundhedsplatform.Nurses and physicians were asked about their experience of the pharmacy technician’s work.
During the test period, 97 patients were dispensed medication, and interventions was made for 39 (40%) of those patients. Technicians performed 60 interventions, of which 11 were physician-consulted. They spent 220 minutes on adjustments and notes, saving physicians 160 minutes. Feedback from nurses and physicians was positive, with improvements in medication scanning and reduced interruptions for physicians.
The task will be expanded to include all patients in the medical and surgical wards. An extension of the pharmacy technicians’ prescribing authority is also planned.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Amparo Valls-Lattur
Supervisor: Agostina Secchi
Background
Introducing a pharmacist prescriber (PP) in the Community mental health services for older people (CMHSOP) to support with follow-up appointments for memory patients as a new strategy as part of the community mental health transformation (1). The aim of this Service Evaluation was to evaluate the views of patients with dementia (and/or their carers) on a pharmacist prescribing led clinic.
After diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Dementia some patients will be started on medication to treat the disease symptoms in an effort to reduce the rate at which their cognitive abilities will deteriorate. This medication will need titrating and monitoring for compliance and side effects (2).
This new service will allow consultants to focus on diagnosis of dementia while improving waiting times for community mental health services for older people (3).
Methodology
The data was collected from a memory clinic within a community mental health team for older adults. Data was collected from patients’ and/or their carers’ feedback in the form of a survey. The purpose of the survey was explained to the patients and/or their carers and those who took part placed the questionnaire anonymously in a box at reception. The survey responses were collected on a weekly basis from the box, allowing patients and/or their carers to complete the survey in their own time.
Results
During the period of the survey (February until May 2024), 27 questionnaires were received. The majority (21) were completed by carer/family member, and 6 were completed by the person being treated (patient). Patients and/or their carers had to answer 10 questions using a 5-point likert scale: from strongly agree, to strongly disagree.
The majority of participants strongly agreed that the service provided was of high standard. For example:
• the majority agreed that the prescribing pharmacist was polite and considerate
• patients and their carers felt listened to and allowed them to ask questions
• their questions were answered
• everything was explained in a lay language
• they were provided with enough information about their medication
• patients and their carers or families felt involved in their care and treatment
• the majority of patients had confidence in the prescribing pharmacist
• they were given information on who to contact if they had any problems.
Conclusions
This project showed a positive impact of a new service introduced in the CMHSOP. The pharmacist prescribing role in mental health is a new service and has shown that both patients and their carers have all expressed a positive view of this new clinic. Both patients and carers found the pharmacist caring, professional and attentive to address their concerns.
Future work will look at quantifying how this new service has reduced the waiting time for these patients to be seen or followed up.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Amaia Martiarena Ayestaran, Ane Ros Olaso, Iosu Barral Juez, Cristina Saiz Martinez, Ane Latasa Berasategui.
Detection of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) exceeding maximum dose in elderly patients. Communicate these findings to nursing home´s (NH) medical staff adding information to make easier the review. Evaluate the results obtained after the pharmaceutical intervention (PI).
Pharmaceutical care provided in NH includes systemic reviews and drug adjustments in collaboration with clinical team to enhance the rational use of drugs.
It is designed a semi-automated pharmaceutical care circuit to detect exceeding maximum dose PIPs due to high prevalence in this population. The objective of this practice is to reduce, after a PI, PIPs to improve patient’s safety.
Selection of the most prevalent exceeding maximum dose PIPs based on STOPP-START criteria, safety notes and technical sheets from Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products: omeprazole, esomeprazole and rabeprazole ≥ 40 mg/day, pantoprazole ≥ 80 mg/day, lansoprazole ≥ 60 mg/day (PPIs); zolpidem (ZLP) > 5 mg/day; acetylsalicylic acid > 100 mg/day (AAS); citalopram > 20 mg/day; escitalopram > 10 mg/day (SSRIs); iron > 200 mg/day (Fe).
Automatic data extraction.
Registration in medical records and email notification to NH´s physicians including drug and dosage, adjustment recommendation and bibliographic reference.
Results evaluation after 2 weeks.
Limitations: way of communication and drug prescribing doctor different from NH´s doctor. To solve the first issue, an email has been sent after 1 week. On the second case, no action could be taken.
155 residents with one or more exceeding maximum dose PIPs are included from 22 centers with 2,223 elderly people linked to hospital pharmacy service. The mean age is 85.3 years and 69.7% are women.
After PI, PIPs are reduced by 66.5%.
PIPs TOTAL PPI ZLP Fe SSRI AAS
INITIAL 164 73 51 18 17 5
AFTER PI 55 20 21 5 8 1
Dose reduction and prescription discontinuation are the reasons of the PIPs reductions. Physicians justify don´t change prescriptions on 8 cases.
This semi-automated circuit is focused on PIPs. That is why the tool allows easy and rapid detection of a higher amount of patients with drug safety problems at once. In the future, it will be used for other PIPs and other NH.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Lanzone E. (1), Baldessarelli D. (2), Tinebra A. M. (1), Albini E. M. E. (1), Panarotto A. (1), Rossi C. (1) – (1) SC Farmacia Ospedaliera ASL Novara, (2) Scuola di Specializzazione Farmacia Ospedaliera Novara.
A comprehensive analysis of systemic antibiotic use in hospitals during the first half of 2024 was conducted, revealing a significant increase in the consumption of WATCH class drugs, specifically carbapenems (ATC J01DH) and fluoroquinolones (J01MA). This prompted the implementation of rigorous monitoring for prescriptions of these drug classes.
These antibiotics are key targets of the National Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance (PNCAR 2022-2025), which mandates a reduction of at least 10% in consumption by 2025 compared to 2022. The initiative aimed to address the rising consumption and enhance antibiotic stewardship.
Data were extracted from the regional IT system, with consumption expressed in Defined Daily Doses (DDD) per 100 patient days. The project monitored the use of systemic antibiotics (ATC J01), focusing on carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. Motivated requests received by the Hospital Pharmacy (FO) were reviewed for therapeutic indications, dosage, treatment duration, and the availability of an antibiogram. All requests were recorded in an Excel sheet for effective data analysis and management.
In the first half of 2024, the Hospital Pharmacy received a total of 277 motivated requests for antibiotic prescriptions. Among these, 177 requests were aligned with the objectives of the PNCAR. Specifically, there were 54 requests for fluoroquinolones, including 35 for ciprofloxacin and 19 for levofloxacin. Within this subset, 16 requests included an antibiogram, while 27 were based on empirical data. Additionally, there were 6 requests for surgical prophylaxis, 1 for continuation of therapy, 1 accompanied by a positive urine culture, and 3 that were incorrectly filled out.
The analysis of requests also highlighted a significant number related to carbapenems, with a total of 123 submissions. Of these, 120 were for meropenem, 2 for imipenem in combination with cilastatin, and 1 for ertapenem. Notably, 80 of these requests included an antibiogram, with 74 deemed appropriate based on the established criteria.
Based on the collected data, modifications to the personalized motivated request form were proposed, introducing stricter criteria for empirical use of these antibiotics. This aims to limit their use to serious and well-defined cases, representing a significant step toward more effective antibiotic therapy and improved clinical outcomes while reducing the risk of resistance. The new form specifies that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin requests can only be made under certain conditions, and carbapenems are restricted to cases of hemodynamic instability or severe respiratory failure.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Anette Thomsen, Sarah Mejlvang, Maria Grønkjær
Automatic multidose Dispensing System (ADS) was implemented in April 2024 in the Hospital Pharmacy Central Denmark Region.
Before the implementation, new software functionalities were developed in the medication module (MEM) of the electronic patient record. The development included creation of new workflows in the wards and in the Pharmacy. A new functionality makes it possible for nurses and pharmaconomists at the hospitals to manually order dose-dispensed medicine (DDM) to patients who are discharged from the wards. The orders are sent from MEM to the ADS on one patient for a given time period. Medication can be ordered hourly until noon.
Medicine for 1-5 days of use can be dose-dispensed (DD) for the patients ready for discharge, which gives the following advantages:
-Improved patient safety. The transition from hospital to home now uses a concept regarding DDM that is known in the primary healthcare sector.
-Increased time for the patient to buy new medication at a local pharmacy after discharge.
-Extra time for newly added/removed drugs to be incorporated in future DDM from local pharmacies.
-Less time spent by nurses dispensing medicine for patients who are being discharged.
To support patients in the transition between hospital and home it has been important to make an easy way to order and dispense medication. Following developing tasks has been made:
-Identification of needed functionalities
– Identification of necessary IT-support
– Requirement for ADS
-Developments in MEM Development and implementation of new workflows in the clinic
All points were created in collaboration between doctors, nurses, IT specialists and pharmacy staff.
The development took around one year
All clinical wards that receive DDM can now manually order DDM for patients who are on their way home. This is a great help in the clinics.
Extending the timespan in which it is possible to order DDM to patients who are being discharged is planned.
Qualitative studies in patient safety for patients receiving dose dispensed medicine in the transition between Hospital and home is considered.
