FROM COLLABORATION TO AUGMENTATION: INTEGRATING AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)-POWERED DOSING TOOL INTO A PHYSICIAN–PHARMACIST COLLABORATIVE WARFARIN CLINIC (PPCC–AI MODEL) — A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT TAKUAPA HOSPITAL, THAILAND.
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
daruni sitthikan
Why was it done?
Warfarin management is complex due to its narrow therapeutic index and wide interpatient variability. Although the physician–pharmacist collaborative clinic (PPCC) model has improved anticoagulation outcomes, genetic variability remains a key challenge, as pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing is rarely available in Thai hospitals. To overcome this, an AI-based dosing tool (WarfaWise web application) was developed to assist clinicians in personalising warfarin therapy without genetic testing.
What was done?
To evaluate the effectiveness of an AI-assisted dosing tool (WarfaWise web application) integrated into the PPCC model (PPCC–AI Model) for optimising warfarin therapy at Takuapa Hospital, Thailand.
How was it done?
This quasi-experimental study included patients (≥18 years) who received warfarin for ≥3 months (January 2023–May 2025). The WarfaWise web-based AI dosing application was incorporated into the PPCC workflow to predict individualised weekly warfarin doses based on patient-specific parameters (age, sex, weight, comorbidities, concomitant drugs, adherence, and INR trends). The primary outcome was the percentage of Time in Therapeutic Range (%TTR). Secondary outcomes included dosing accuracy (Mean Absolute Error: MAE) and incidence of bleeding or thromboembolic complications. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
What has been achieved?
A total of 230 patients were enrolled. The AI-assisted PPCC demonstrated superior dosing precision (MAE=2.09±1.20 mg/week) and significantly improved mean %TTR (primary outcome) from pre-intervention 65.10±1.09% to post-intervention 71.4±8.6% (p<0.02). The incidence of minor bleeding decreased by 69.5%, and no major bleeding or thromboembolic complications occurred during the study period. Pharmacists also reported enhanced workflow efficiency and a reduction in dosing calculation errors. In conclusion, the study showed that the PPCC–AI model demonstrated superior dosing precision, enhanced INR control, and improved patient safety. This pragmatic digital innovation facilitates the scalable adoption of AI-assisted clinical decision making tools in resource-limited settings where PGx testing is inaccessible, underscoring the evolving role of pharmacists in precision anticoagulation management.
What next?
To develop a mobile application that is easily accessible and free of charge and can be used in hospitals at all levels.
IMPROVING INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY ADMINISTRATION SAFETY VIA SMART INFUSION TECHNOLOGY: 1 YEAR IMPLEMENTATION AT HYGEIA HOSPITAL
European Statement
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Author(s)
IOANNIDIS KONSTANTINOS
SCARLATINIS IOANNIS
KORRE OURANIA
BOTSIOU MARIA
NIKOLAOU KATERINA-ANGELIKI
Why was it done?
The integration of clinical pharmacists in oncology settings plays a critical role in ensuring the safe and effective administration of chemotherapeutic agents. At Hygeia Hospital, over the past five years, clinical pharmacists have identified and prevented 1,272 chemotherapy-related medication errors, corresponding to 2.4 errors per 100 chemotherapy days. Despite this substantial contribution, challenges persist in the administration process by nursing staff, particularly regarding infusion parameters. Common errors include incorrect infusion rates and the omission or improper use of required filters and light sensitive infusion sets, and their prevention remains a persistent challenge.
What was done?
To mitigate these risks, Hygeia Hospital has implemented parameterised electronic infusion pumps as an additional safety mechanism.
How was it done?
These pumps are pre-programmed by clinical pharmacists with non-modifiable infusion time limits for each chemotherapeutic agent, preventing unauthorised alterations by nursing personnel. Furthermore, the pumps provide mandatory prompts regarding the use of filters or/and light sensitive infusion sets, as specified in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) of each drug.
What has been achieved?
Since their introduction 1 year ago, these infusion pumps have facilitated the identification and correction of previously undetectable administration errors, with an observed rate of 0.15 errors per 100 chemotherapy days. Most of these involved incorrect selection of infusion duration by nursing staff. These findings underscore the value of pump parameterisation in uncovering latent errors and reinforcing adherence to safe administration practices.
What next?
Future steps include expanding the use of parametrised infusion pumps beyond oncology to other high-risk areas, such as intensive care units, where precise and safe administration is equally critical. By reducing reliance on manual intervention and standardising administration protocols, this approach enhances the overall safety and efficacy of drug delivery across multiple clinical settings.
ONE VISIT, ONE TEAM: MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE FOR COMPLEX CHRONIC PATIENTS
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
Aparicio Lucas L, Somoza Fernández B, Collados Arroyo V, Baselga Soto I, Mayo López C.
Why was it done?
A Multidisciplinary Unit for Comprehensive Care of Complex Chronic Patients was implemented in our hospital to provide integrated, patient-centre ed care. The initiative established a structured process in which each patient is assessed during a single visit by a coordinated team involving Nursing, Pharmacy, and Internal Medicine.
What was done?
Complex chronic patients often experience frailty, polypharmacy, and fragmented follow-up across multiple specialties, increasing the risk of adverse events, poor adherence, and reduced quality of life. Prior to the initiative, care was delivered through separate consultations with limited communication between professionals. As a result, patients frequently missed appointments due to travel difficulties, became confused by medication changes, or received inconsistent instructions.
The project aimed to enhance the quality and continuity of care, optimise pharmacotherapy, and reduce complications through a coordinated, multidisciplinary model that streamlined hospital visits and minimised unnecessary referrals.
How was it done?
The project was developed in four stages:
- Planning meetings with Internal Medicine and Nursing to define objectives
- Design of a standardised operations procedure and patient circuit
- Pilot implementation
- Measurement of outcomes.
Patients were referred to the unit based on predefined criteria (frailty, polypharmacy, multiple medical follow-ups). Obstacles such as limited staff availability and coordination between departments were addressed through regular team meetings to streamline workflow and ensure communication.
What has been achieved?
Since its implementation in March 25, 68 patients have been assessed, with 123 drug-related problems identified. Pharmacist interventions achieved a 79% acceptance rate (97/123). The model improved communication among professionals, enhanced medication safety, and optimised patient visits by avoiding unnecessary appointments.
What next?
Long-term evaluation of clinical and financial outcomes is ongoing. The standardised, collaborative approach makes this model easily transferable to other hospitals, adaptable to their resources and organisation. It represents a sustainable example of good practice in multidisciplinary management of complex chronic patients.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A MULTISCIPLINARY SETTING FOR PHARMACOGENETIC ANALYSIS FROM EXOME DATA IN NEPHROLOGY AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
Virginie Deroche, Ilias Bensouna, Fanny Ponce, Karl-Dietrich Hatz, Nicolas Jauniaux, Amina Benomar, Isabelle Debrix, Florence Federspiel, Laure Raymond, Laurent Mesnard
Why was it done?
Within our hospital, exome sequencing is routinely performed for adults with unknown nephropathy or genetically-suspected chronic kidney disease (CKD), offering not only molecular diagnosis but also underutilised PGx insights. Frequently polymedicated CKD patients could greatly benefit from PGx data to improve medication adherence and optimise their treatment proactively.
What was done?
We designed a pharmacogenetic (PGx) circuit to provide personalised care in nephrology and kidney transplantation.
How was it done?
Following nephrology medical examination and blood sampling, patients received medication reconciliation and counselling with a pharmacist to complete their current treatment list, and to gather past intolerance, adverse events, potential inefficiency and over-the-counter drugs. Meanwhile, a biologist and a bioinformatician analysed their PGx profiles through exome sequencing data. A pharmacogenetic expert combined these data with medication reconciliation into a PGx report including dosing guidelines based on international recommendations (CPIC, DPWG guidelines). Patient cases were reviewed during multidisciplinary consultation meetings (MCM), to offer personalised treatment and ensure medication safety. MCM reports were integrated into electronic health record and stored for later use.
What has been achieved?
Out of the 766 patients who underwent exome sequencing, 148 had a medication reconciliation. 88 patient cases were discussed during 27 MCM, which began in October 2024. 100% of these patients received at least one recommendation regarding drug dosing or contraindications, totalling 345 recommendations including immunosuppressants, analgesics and cardiovascular drugs.
What next?
To go further, we aim to efficiently share PGx information to healthcare providers including treating physician, to design a website to educate patient about PGx testing, and to deliver PGx results to patients during a dedicated consultation.
MANAGEMENT OF DRUG THERAPY IN HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS: SYNERGY BETWEEN THE IMMUNOLOGY DEPARTMENT AND THE HOSPITAL PHARMACY
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
Noemi Tatti, Melania Rivano, Giacomo Bertolino, Valentina Mureddu, Raffaele Deidda, Arianna Cadeddu
Why was it done?
Patients are required to attend a follow-up visit every three months for viral load testing. A collaborative protocol has been implemented to facilitate treatment adherence, monitoring, and access to medication.
What was done?
Collaboration between the immunology department and the hospital pharmacy facilitated the management if drug therapy in HIV-positive patients, enhancing access to care and improving treatment adherence.
How was it done?
The visit schedule is shared monthly. Each patient is assigned an alphanumeric code to ensure anonymity. Any change in appointments, test results, visits, or therapy regimens is also communicated. Through the hospital’s electronic system, pharmacists can access each patient’s treatment plan, review the dates of medication pickups, and verify treatment adherence. In case of discrepancies, these are promptly reported to the physician before the patient’s next visit. Additionally, sufficient medication to cover three months of therapy is prepared in advance for each patient, simplifying the dispensing process and preventing unnecessary hospital visits.
What has been achieved?
This initiative has optimised adherence monitoring, which is particularly important for this category of patients. It has also facilitated the drug dispensing process. By reducing waiting times and hospital visits, it has improved treatment compliance and ensured the protection of their privacy. This project was implemented on 792 patients, and from 01/10/2024 to 01/10/2025, a total of 1,369 dispensations of antiretroviral drugs were carried out.
What next?
This approach has been used to improve the quality of care and overall experience of this patient group. We hope that it will soon be extended to all patients who collect their medication at our hospital.
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE COMPREHENSIVE CARE OF MULTICOMPROMISED HOSPITALISED PATIENTS: A CASE REPORT
European Statement
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Author(s)
S. Ambrosini, V. Orlando, C. Provezza Provezza, A. Zaltieri, N. Zanini, N. Faroni
Why was it done?
Ensuring a multidisciplinary approach to the comprehensive care of hospitalised patients is a recognised indicator of healthcare quality. This strategy proved highly effective in the management of a patient with a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection and a severe sacral pressure injury, requiring advanced antimicrobial therapy, targeted nutritional support, and specialised wound care to promote healing.
What was done?
Multicompromised patients increasingly challenge hospital care due to infections from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, which limit therapeutic options and complicate management. Prolonged hospitalisation also raises the risk of pressure injuries, worsening metabolic stress and delaying recovery. This initiative aims to apply an integrated therapeutic strategy—combining a reserve antibiotic, advanced wound care and tailored nutritional support—to promote healing, control infection and restore nutritional balance in a highly vulnerable patient.
How was it done?
The patient received Cefiderocol (2 g every 8 hours) and Fosfomycin (4 g every 6 hours) for six weeks to treat the PA infection. The pressure injury was managed with an oxygen-enriched oleic matrix dressing from organic olive oil, allowing controlled release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to stimulate microcirculation, cell proliferation, and antimicrobial activity. Dressings were changed two to three times weekly based on progress. Nutritional needs were supported with a high-calorie, high-protein oral supplement (ONS) containing arginine, zinc, vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoids, given once or twice daily to enhance collagen synthesis and tissue repair.
What has been achieved?
This multidisciplinary strategy enabled the prompt definition and implementation of an optimal diagnostic–therapeutic pathway. The intervention and collaboration of multiple healthcare professionals ensured a faster and more effective patient response to treatment. The active involvement of the infectious disease specialist, clinical dietitian, wound care nurse, and hospital pharmacist guaranteed comprehensive, high-quality patient management —from drug and medical device supply to the successful resolution of infection and wound healing, while preventing malnutrition.
What next?
Establishing structured treatment pathways through multidisciplinary teams contributes to a more efficient and sustainable healthcare system. This experience represents an example of best practice, highlighting how collaboration among healthcare professionals—including pharmacists as medication safety officers—can be effectively translated to other hospital settings.
A NATIONAL CLINICAL PHARMACY CONTEST TO PROMOTE COMPETENCY-BASED TRAINING AMONG ITALIAN RESIDENTS: A THREE-YEAR EXPERIENCE
European Statement
Education and Research
Author(s)
Mengato D, Cancanelli L, Colicchio A, Crivellaro G, Lombardi N, Torni F
Why was it done?
Clinical pharmacy in Italy is not officially institutionalised yet and education about it across Italian residency programmes is heterogeneous, with limited opportunities for structured, practice-oriented learning. To address this gap, the contest was introduced in 2023 to foster harmonisation and enhance residents’ practical competencies. The main goal was to engage future clinical pharmacists in a stimulating, competitive environment that reflects real-life decision making, encourages collaboration, and supports the development of a shared professional identity.
What was done?
A national Clinical Pharmacy Contest was designed and implemented by the Italian Society of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (SIFaCT) to promote standardised, competency-based education among Italian residents. The initiative uses a gamified, case-based learning model to develop clinical reasoning, teamwork, and problem-solving skills in real-world therapeutic contexts.
How was it done?
Residents from Hospital Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology schools across Italy competed in teams of four. The contest included three phases. Preliminary phase: submission of a medication review based on a simulated clinical case; Quarter-finals: online Jeopardy-style quiz; Semi-finals and final: structured quizzes and guided clinical case discussions, evaluated by expert panels during the SIFaCT National Congress. Organisational challenges such as ensuring fair participation and developing standardised evaluation tools were addressed by establishing a dedicated multidisciplinary committee.
What has been achieved?
Across three editions, 30 teams (120 residents) participated, with 48 finalists attending live sessions. A pilot survey from 40 respondents showed high satisfaction (mean 4.4/5), strong perceived usefulness (4.4/5) and complementarity (4.3/5) with university education. 91% would recommend the contest to colleagues, and 85% rated its usefulness in deepening clinical knowledge as 4 or 5/5. Participants reported improved clinical reasoning, teamwork, and awareness of the pharmacist’s clinical role.
What next?
The contest represents an innovative and scalable educational model that supports harmonisation of clinical pharmacy training and inter-university collaboration. It could be adopted across Europe to strengthen clinical competencies, foster professional identity, and promote patient-centred care.
COLLABORATIVE DEPRESCRIBING IN PALLIATIVE CARE: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO MEDICATION OPTIMISATION
European Statement
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Author(s)
A Wagner, D Weixler, C Waidinger, M Josl
Why was it done?
A pharmacist, integrated in the palliative care team, reviewed preselected patients with advanced disease to identify potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). When appropriate, a team of physicians deprescribed PIMs in accordance with patient preferences, clinical status and rationale. The initiative aimed to identify PIMs, reduce pill burden and align pharmacotherapy with individual treatment goals.
What was done?
Up to 96% of geriatric oncological palliative care patients experience polypharmacy (>5 medications) (1), with up to 70% receiving at least one PIM referring to Lindsay J et al. (2).
Deprescribing is considered appropriate in certain clinical situations, including for example:
– presence of polypharmacy
– patient’s wish
– shift in treatment strategy or goals
– limited life expectancy
– when potential harm outweighs benefits
How was it done?
– Weekly interdisciplinary meetings
– Eligible patients were identified by the palliative care physicians based on prognosis, symptom burden, medication profile (polypharmacy), and patient wishes
– Pharmacist reviewed medications using medical records, identified potential deprescribing opportunities and provided tailored deprescribing recommendations (what and how to deprescribe)
– Recommendations were collaboratively discussed and documented
– If deprescribing was implemented, follow-up was conducted at the next patient visit and was subsequently monitored during regular consultations
What has been achieved?
During observation period, three patients (all male, median age 80) received a structure deprescribing review. A total of 59 drugs were targeted; 20 PIMs have been identified.
Commonly deprescribed medication groups were gastroprotective drugs (A02B), urological agents (G04B, G04C) antihypertensives (C02A, C09A, C08C, C03C) and vascular or miscellaneous agents (C05B, N06DX, N07A). Typical reason for discontinuation included stable blood pressure, presence of indwelling urinary catheter, patient-driven deprescribing request, therapeutic futility.
Other drug classes such as psychotropics (N06A, N04B), cognitive enhancers (N06D) and bone-metabolism agents (M05B, A12A) were occasionally discontinued when adverse drug effects outweighed potential benefit or did not align with palliative goals (long-term preventive therapy). Main drivers for deprescribing were patient wishes to reduce pill burden, complex symptom management and avoidance of adverse effects.
What next?
The initiative demonstrated feasibility, safety, and transferability of pharmacist-supported deprescribing as part of a multidisciplinary team. Next steps could include the development of interprofessional training sessions and expansion to other clinical settings.
EMPOWERING PAEDIATRIC CAREGIVERS IN MEDICATION SAFETY: A CLINICAL PHARMACY INITIATIVE FOR WORLD PATIENT SAFETY DAY 2025
European Statement
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Author(s)
Mengato D, Camuffo L, Todino F, Binanti ME, Sartori S, Benini F, Venturini F
Why was it done?
Medication errors in paediatrics often arise from incorrect handling or administration by caregivers. Strengthening their knowledge is essential to improve safety and adherence. The initiative aimed to raise awareness and assess caregivers’ understanding of safe medication use, storage, and the role of compounded (‘galenic’) medicines. It also intended to reinforce the visibility of clinical pharmacists as accessible medication experts for families.
What was done?
On 17 September 2025, during the World Health Organization’s World Patient Safety Day themed ‘Safe care for every newborn and every child’, the clinical pharmacy team of the Azienda Ospedale–Università Padova organised an awareness event within the Paediatric Department. The initiative included a pharmacist managed information desk, an interactive quiz for parents and caregivers, educational materials on safe medication practices, and gadgets for children to foster engagement. Pharmacists were available throughout the day to answer questions and provide individual counselling on paediatric medicines.
How was it done?
A voluntary anonymous quiz with 10 knowledge-based and 2 awareness questions was administered to parents visiting the department. Participants received a score (1–10) and tailored feedback: scores ≥8 indicated excellent knowledge, 5–7 good knowledge with room for improvement, and <5 the need for closer pharmacist or physician guidance. The event required coordination with paediatric staff and logistical support for educational materials and space allocation.
What has been achieved?
Thirty-two parents completed the quiz: 68.8% achieved ≥8 points (‘super-pharma-parents’), 28.1% scored 5–7, and 3.1% scored <5. Knowledge was strong regarding shaking suspensions (100%), completing antibiotic courses (96.9%), and proper disposal of expired drugs (96.9%). Gaps emerged in measuring tools (9.4% incorrect) and preparation environment (6.2% unsuitable). Awareness of galenic medicines was limited (18.7% misdefinition). The initiative was well received, stimulating high engagement and requests for future educational sessions.
What next?
The experience improved caregiver awareness and strengthened collaboration between families and clinical pharmacists. This initiative, which is embedded with the Clinical Pharmacy Ambulatory, represents a reproducible model to enhance paediatric medication safety. Future steps include integrating similar educational events into routine hospital activities and developing digital tools to extend pharmacist-led counselling to the community.
PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT IN COLD CHAIN BREAKDOWN IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: FINANCIAL IMPACT
European Statement
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Author(s)
Maria Teixeira; André Maia; Ana Catré; Inês Margalho; Joana Duque; Marisa Costa; Marta Susana; Miguel Paulo; Tomás Sousa; Vânia Pereira; Teresa Pereira
Why was it done?
Thermolabile drugs require special storage conditions(2°C-8°C).[1] They represent a group with relevant economic value in Pharmaceutical Services(PS), therefore, processes must be guaranteed to maintain the storage temperature throughout the entire circuit.[2] CBR can cause changes in the characteristics of drugs and compromise their stability, efficacy and safety.[1,2] It is the responsibility of the PS to establish procedures and assess whether or not drugs exposed to a temperature excursion can be used.[3]
What was done?
We analyzed the economic impact of Cold Chain Breaks (CRB) occurring in Primary Health Care (PHC) at the Local Health Unit (ULS).
How was it done?
A spreadsheet document was developed for action in cases of CRB for PHC, and a database was created with the responses provided by the laboratories. The document is sent to the PHC unit, to be completed by the nurse in charge, who identifies the cause, duration, temperature reached, and medications in the refrigerator. After analysis by the PS, a report is sent with information on stability studies and respective conclusions per item. The excursion is then valued based on the average price of the item and the available quantity. A database was created with the valuation of all CRBs.
What has been achieved?
Between April 2024 and July 2025, 14 temperature excursions were recorded, of which 7 in 2025. The total number of affected items was 2,327, representing a total value of €55,595.6. Of these, it was possible to avoid the waste of 1,722(74%), corresponding to €40,652, and 605(26%) were eliminated, with a total of €14,943.6. The CRB occurred due to anomalies in the power supply to the equipment 80%(12) and refrigerator breakdown 20%(3). The number of vaccines subject to CRB per month in 2024 was 257 units(U), and in 2025 it was 80U.
What next?
An analysis of the causes of CRBs reveals that they are mostly related to infrastructure, with only 20% related to equipment failures. Therefore, emergency plans for equipment must be developed. It is essential to establish preventive actions collaboratively among all professional groups involved, with an emphasis on sustainability and efficient resource management, to minimize risks and avoid significant losses.