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FOUR YEARS OF A REGIONAL MEDICINES OPTIMISATION INNOVATION CENTRE – WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED? (submitted in 2019)

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European Statement

Introductory Statements and Governance

Author(s)

Michael Scott, Glenda Fleming, Catherine Harrison

Why was it done?

There is a wide recognition that there are significant issues with regard to the issue of medicines, such as the fact that 30−50% of medicines are not taken as required. Thus the DoH decided to set up MOIC as a vehicle to focus activities in order to address this issue and optimise medicines use.

What was done?

A Regional Medicines Optimisation Innovation Centre (MOIC) was set up in 2015 by the Department of Health (DoH) in Northern Ireland as a key enabler for the Government policy document namely the Medicines Optimisation Quality Framework.

How was it done?

The DoH requested the Northern Health and Social Care Trust to locate the centre within the Trust based on the fact that there had been a long standing academic practice centre with the School of Pharmacy at Queens University of Belfast. Barriers that had to be addressed were highlighting the regional nature of the centre, to get engagement with all sectors of the service and building relationships with other key organisations, including the private sector. Initial core funding was provided by the DoH.

What has been achieved?

MOIC has successfully evaluated improved systems with regard to hospital pharmacy such as doctor-light discharge (90 minutes faster), post-discharge telephone follow-up (30 day readmission rate reduced by 9.9%), and medicines optimisation in older people service in care home settings (reduced Emergency Department attendances and medicines costs). In addition MOIC has been successful in 3 EU funding bids relating to medicines optimisation and has published over 30 papers. It has also been accredited as a Statement Implementation Learning Collaborative Centre (SILCC) site and also a Centre of Excellence by the Spanish Hospital Pharmacists Association. MOIC has also successfully worked with the private sector including pharmaceutical, device and technology companies. It has also been accredited as a knowledge provided by Invest NI.

What next?

MOIC has delivered on its key initial objectives, related to medicines optimisation with good collaborative work across health, academia and commercial organisations, in the UK and Europe. It will have a key role in meeting the WHO Global Challenge of reducing medication-related harm by 50% by 2023 for the region and further optimising medicines systems.

This approach with government policy support could be relatively easily established in any other region.

IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW CLINICAL PHARMACY SERVICE WITHIN A NEWLY LAUNCHED SURGICAL ADMISSIONS PROCESS

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European Statement

Clinical Pharmacy Services

Author(s)

Dora Mueller, Maria-Theresia Pichler, Karin Kirchdorfer, Kora Koch

Why was it done?

Prior to the implementation, insufficient time resources did not allow for clinical pharmacy services (CPS) on all surgical wards. Existing cover was not efficient or effective as drug-charts were often not available or patients discharged before pharmacy suggestions were implemented. The integration of the CPS into the centralised admission process instead of the wards resolved these shortcomings and facilitated pharmacy input to all surgical patients using this admission process.

What was done?

A central surgical admissions process was launched at a 450-bed teaching-hospital in April 2018 in which patients are seen five days before surgery by an interdisciplinary team. A new clinical pharmacy service (CPS) was implemented on-site to review patients’ medical history comprising three consecutive steps:
1. Medicines reconciliation is completed based on existing patient-consultation records.
2. Recommendations for switching drugs to the hospital formulary on admission are noted on the drug chart.
3. Medication review is carried out to improve inpatient medication safety, and changes are communicated to medical staff via e-consult.

How was it done?

This proactive concept highlighting the advantages of interdisciplinary CPS and reflecting international evidence (e.g. patient safety, patient care, workload reduction for medical and nursing staff) convinced hospital management of its need. Resource implications included allocation of a pharmacy office on-site, development of a standard operation procedure and support for interdisciplinary teamwork on-site.

What has been achieved?

Between April and September 2018, records of all patients using the new process (n = 1527) were reviewed by a clinical pharmacist. At least one drug-related recommendation was made for 38.6% (n = 589) of all patients taking medication. This development enhances the clinical pharmacy workforce at our hospital and contributes to the quality of the admission process. Feedback from medical and nursing staff, hospital and quality management was positive throughout. We observed an improved level of awareness, higher numbers of requests for other CPS and a better understanding of the clinical pharmacists’ role within the healthcare team.

What next?

This initiative reflects how CPS can be expanded and optimised by seizing the opportunity and using existing resources. This model may be adapted for other hospital inpatient settings.

DRUG-FOOD INTERACTION GUIDE PREPARATION FOR OUTPATIENT CONSULTATION

European Statement

Patient Safety and Quality Assurance

Author(s)

Gregorio Romero Candel, Paula Ruiz Belda, Carmen Caballero Requejo, Maria Jesus Sanchez Cuenca, Jose Marco del Rio, Juilan Castillo Sanchez, Luna Carratala Herrera

Why was it done?

Some drugs dispensed in the outpatient office present interactions with food, leading to changes in their bioavailability. These changes which can result in a decrease in therapeutic activity or an increase in adverse effects, when dealing with narrow therapeutic margin drugs, may lead to alterations in their efficacy and/or toxicity. Developing the quick and accessible consultation table, we improved the quality and effectiveness of the treatment.

What was done?

Preparation of the drug and food interaction guide for outpatient consultations.

How was it done?

The technical specifications of all drugs that are dispensed in the hospital outpatient office were consulted, and the possible interactions with food of every one of them were analysed by consulting the following electronic databases: Technical sheet, Bot Plus, Micromedex, Pubmed, UpToDate and Online Medicine Information Centre of the AEMPS. A database was developed with drugs that presented some type of restriction with meals, designing a quick reference table for outpatient consultation.

What has been achieved?

One-hundred specialities were reviewed, of which 22 were to be taken without food, 43 with food and 35 could be taken with or without food. The information given to the patient was quick and efficient, improving the effectiveness and safety of the treatment.

What next?

Our goal is to continue developing tools that allow us to provide quality information to the patient, improving the effectiveness and safety of treatments.

PERSONALIZED BUSULFAN THERAPY: IMPLEMENTATION OF A THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING PROGRAM (TDM)

European Statement

Clinical Pharmacy Services

Author(s)

VERA DOMINGOS, VERA PIRES, SÍLVIA SANTOS, PATRÍCIA TRINDADE, ANA INÁCIO, ELZA CANDEIAS, SUSANA SIMÕES, PAULO PAIXÃO, NUNO MIRANDA, ANTÓNIO GOUVEIA

Why was it done?

Personalized BU dosing is considered because BU has a narrow therapeutic index and exposure have been associated with important clinical outcomes. High exposures have been associated with an increased risk of toxicities (acute graft-versus-host disease and veno-occlusive disease) and low exposures with graft rejection and relapse.
For this reason, in a multidisciplinary working group, we identified an opportunity to improve the treatment of your patients.

What was done?

Implementation of a TDM procedure for Busulfan (BU) in conditioning therapy for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Study variability in PK parameters and evaluate TDM efficacy. From this initial period, we perform TDM on all patients under Bu conditioning.

How was it done?

The steps followed were:
1. Pre-implementation: bibliographic research, identify reference centers to perform BU plasma assay. Development and validation of a LC-MS / MS method by the National Institute of Forensic Medicine. PK analysis using ADAPT-5 software.
2. Pilot: Trial and assess the feasibility of the procedure. Cross-validation of the results with UMC Utrecht.
3. Implementation: clinical practice, doing the necessary dose adjustments. Prospective collection of clinical and PK data.

The main obstacle is the lack of analytical methodology in our center and the turnaround time.

What has been achieved?

We performed a preliminary analysis with 21 patients. Mean clearance (CL) was 0,19L/h*kg±0,05L/h*kg and volume of distribution 0,65L*kg±0,22L*kg. Body weight was the most predictive covariance.
CL was significantly different between patients 10 years old (p = 0,024) and over treatment (p=0,0191). The type of conditioning regimen didn’t show relation with the BU CL (p=0,0514).
TDM increased the number of patients with an optimal exposure (target AUC ±10%) from 42% to 83%.Dose was reduced in 10 patients (max 37%) and increased in 3 (max 19%). 1 patient maintained the prescribed dose.

What next?

TDM increased significantly the number of patients with optimal exposure to BU.
This procedure is pioneer at a national level and it relies on a strict protocol which includes collaboration with several hospital departments and other highly-specialized external centers. This can be used as a tool for other drugs and to empower the pharmacist as an active agent in the clinical setting.

IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDELINES FOR THE ACTIVATION OF EFFECTIVE ANTIBIOTICS’ STEWARDSHIP TEAM IN GREEK HOSPITALS – THE ROLE OF HOSPITAL PHARMACIST

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European Statement

Clinical Pharmacy Services

Author(s)

Antonios Markogiannakis, Georgios Pegkas, Calliope Allagianni, Stavroula Efstathiou, Despoina Makridaki

Why was it done?

The term of AST has been introduced in Greek legislation since 2014 and should become the driving force to optimize antimicrobial therapy, especially for the protected antibiotics (PA): carbapenems, colistin and tigecycline. Unfortunately Greece ranks first in Europe in the consumption of the mentioned PA in hospitals, consequently the activation of AST constitutes national priority. The existing law frame defines that AST consists of four key member physicians (experienced in infectious diseases) plus the hospital pharmacist as coordinator of the group. As the number of serving pharmacists in Greece remains critically low, very few hospitals have actually activated the AST. The Panhellenic Association of Hospital Pharmacists (PEFNI) decided to organize regional meetings to enhance the involvement of pharmacists by sharing the practice of experienced colleagues running antibiotic stewardship programs (ASP) in their hospitals since fall of 2016.

What was done?

We have described the sequential steps for the establishment of multidisciplinary Antibiotic Stewardship Team (AST) in Greek hospitals and prepared training material to increase involvement of hospital pharmacists.

How was it done?

We combined the strategies and procedures implemented in the three hospitals during last year, in a flowchart presenting the establishment, activation and feedback of the AST. We have developed an ASP for hospitals, with initial target to minimize the use of PA:. Functional options in each step have been described, making it flexible for the colleagues to selectively implement them in their hospitals. We also created specific educational material to use in regional meetings that PEFNI organizes.

What has been achieved?

The application of ASP and the education of hospital pharmacists as coordinators results in: • Reliable reporting of controlled use for the PA • Safer antimicrobial management practice • Economy on restricted pharmacotherapy budgets • Acknowledgement of the critical role of pharmacists by other healthcare professionals, the hospital manager and the authorities

What next?

• The basic flowchart can be broadened to include subsequent stewardship activities such as recording proper surveillance of more classes of antibiotics, assessment of antimicrobial surgical chemoprophylaxis and/or antifungal pharmacotherapy.
• Connection of local ASP reports to a national network for all hospitals will help towards the creation of a real-time antibiotics’ consumption database in Greece.

A FRACTURE LIAISON SERVICE COORDINATED BY CLINICAL PHARMACISTS

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European Statement

Clinical Pharmacy Services

Author(s)

Gösta Lööf, Malin Kuno Edvardson, Jessica Loayza, Louise Furubom

Why was it done?

According to national guidelines, 60-70% of women >50 years with a fragility fracture should receive treatment to prevent further consequences of osteoporosis. In Sörmland, only about 16% of eligible patients received such treatment in 2015. To increase this number it was decided to start a coordinator-based FLS. CPs were chosen as coordinators since they were already integrated members of the health-care team at the clinic, conducing medication reviews, with the required competence to assess patients and suggest suitable medication therapy for osteoporosis.

What was done?

By initiative of the county task force for osteoporosis in the county of Sörmland, Sweden, a project with a fracture liaison service (FLS) with clinical pharmacists (CPs) as coordinators was developed in collaboration with the orthopedic clinic at one of the region´s hospital; Mälarsjukhuset.

How was it done?

The project was initiated in December 2015. The CPs were given permission to send electronic referrals to DXA to be performed and to the general practitioners (GPs) for further investigation and initiation of treatment for osteoporosis. The CPs identified eligible patients at the orthopedic ward and at the emergency department (ED). The CPs visited and interviewed patients treated at the ward while patients treated at the ED instead received a phone call or a letter, to get information regarding their risk factors. Thereafter the CPs decided how to proceed; referral to DXA, referral to a GP or no further investigation or actions. For patients treated at the ward, the CPs would discuss their findings with the orthopedist on duty.

What has been achieved?

For patients included from December 2017 to October 2016, the percentage of who received treatment has raised to at least 25%. For about 50% of the patients, a full year has not yet passed since the date of fracture so the result may still improve. According to two small surveys, the orthopedists and the GPs are very positive to the new service and want it to continue.

What next?

Because of the success, the service will be permanented and implemented thoroughout the county. Opportunities to further improve FLS have been identified continuously and changes made accordingly to reach the goal of 60-70% treated patients.

PATIENT-CENTRED CLINICAL PHARMACY AND MEDICINES INFORMATION SERVICE ON A PSYCHIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

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European Statement

Clinical Pharmacy Services

Author(s)

Caroline Hynes, Dolores Keating

Why was it done?

Psychiatric intensive care is for patients who are in an acutely disturbed phase of a serious mental disorder. Psychotropic medicines play a pivotal role in the treatment of these disorders which is why the pharmacist is a key part of the patient care team. The introduction of a designated pharmacist to address not only the clinical needs of the PICU team but also the medicines information needs of the patient was essential to optimise patient outcomes.

What was done?

A liaison pharmacist was assigned to the psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) to provide both a clinical pharmacy service including regular medication chart review and development of patient-centred clinical guidelines, and to provide medicines information and support directly to patients.

How was it done?

The main obstacle to the introduction of this initiative was establishing a relationship with patients, as visible pharmacist interventions were new to patients on the PICU. In order to overcome this obstacle, the pharmacist was required to be present on the unit and regularly meet patients to enquire about their experience of taking medicine for their mental health and provide information as required.

What has been achieved?

• The pharmacist hosts a weekly medicines information group on the unit where; medicines are discussed openly, patients are provided with medicines information leaflets and medicines charts detailing all of their current medicines and what they are for, and those taking antipsychotics are systematically assessed for side-effects

• The pharmacist carries out a regular clinical pharmacy review where medication charts are clinically assessed and any interventions are relayed to the relevant consultant psychiatrist and registrar

• The pharmacist develops new patient-centred guidelines for use on the PICU e.g. Guidelines on the pharmacological prevention and management of violence or aggressive behaviour

What next?

By having an awareness of the patient experience of their medicine (especially side-effects) through regular contact at the medicines information groups, the pharmacist is in a position to provide more informed clinical advice to the PICU team. This patient-centred approach to the clinical pharmacy service could be transferred to any healthcare setting where the pharmacist can link directly with both patients and their multidisciplinary team.