EAHP represents over 29,000 hospital pharmacists across 36 member countries. EAHP represents and develops the hospital pharmacy profession within Europe in order to ensure the continuous improvement of care and outcomes for patients in the hospital setting. This is achieved through science, research, education, practice, as well as sharing best-practice and responsibility with other healthcare professionals.
The EAHP Board, elected for three-year terms, oversees the association’s activities. Comprising directors responsible for core functions, it meets regularly to implement strategic goals. Supported by EAHP staff, the Board controls finances, coordinates congress organization, and ensures compliance with statutes and codes of conduct.
The EAHP staff supports the Board in executing EAHP’s mission. The Staff assists in financial management, events organisations, policy activities and all EAHP projects. The EAHP staff works closely with EAHP’s members and ensures the effective communication all relevant stakeholders.
The first member countries were Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and The Netherlands in 1972. EAHP has now 36 EAHP members and 2 Associate Members. EAHP is open to countries members of the Council of Europe and since 2022 to organisations representing the interests of hospital pharmacists from outside the Council of Europe (Associate Membership)
EAHP’s structure is also composed by different standing committes: EAHP Scientific Committee, EAHP Education Executive Committee and the EAHP CTF Steering Committee.
At EAHP, we are committed to transparency in our governance, ethical standards, and funding practices. This section provides open access to our foundational documents, including the EAHP Statutes, Code of Conduct, and Funding Sources. By sharing these resources, we aim to uphold accountability and foster trust with our members, partners, and the public.
Keep up with all EAHP’s events and webinars. Contact the team at info@eahp.eu should you have any questions about upcoming events or activities.
Here you can find all upcoming events organised by EAHP and by all its members and associate members. Do not hesitate to contact the events team at events@eahp.eu should you have any questions about the organisation of these events.
Hospital pharmacists conduct a critical role in the care of patients in hospitals. Learn more about what they do here and in all the pages under Hospital Pharmacy practice and Policy.
Self-Assessment
SILCC
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EAHP brings together experts from many areas of hospital pharmacy practice providing and highlighting good local sustainable practices as that can be up-scaled and shared with other countries. The EAHP Working Group on Sustainability has the aim of reducing the environmental burden of the hospital pharmacy services.
The European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP), and its 36 member country platforms are creating a Common Training Framework for the hospital pharmacy education in Europe. The goal of this project is to allow the free movement of hospital pharmacists within the European Union.
The European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) and the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) have collaboratively developed the Oath to Society. The Oath to Society is all encompassing and acts as a contract for excellence in providing compassionate patient care, working as part of the healthcare team and advancing the pharmacy profession, and showcasing how clinical and hospital pharmacists work every day
A day created to highlight the importance and to celebrate the work done by hospital pharmacies. This day celebrates all hospital pharmacy teams.
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Find all EAHP relevant publication like the EAHP Surveys, annual reports and the history books.
The European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy (EJHP) is the only official journal of the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) and is committed to advancing the science, practice and profession of hospital pharmacy. As the premier communication platform for hospital pharmacists worldwide, EJHP is a major source for continuing education as well as updates on advances in the practice and standard of pharmaceutical care for patients.
When EAHP and Hospital pharmacists appear in the news.
EAHP publishes a monthly EU monitor with updates about the latest EAHP initiatives and information relevant for the hospital pharmacy profession.
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The Sponsor Channel is designed to maximise visibility and engagement, allowing sponsors to connect with the hospital pharmacy community and partners in a dynamic and interactive environment. From product demonstrations to networking sessions, the Sponsor Channel offers a range of opportunities for sponsors to showcase their offerings and generate leads in the new EAHP Website.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
RBH, Rie Bager Hansen (presenting author), rie.bager.hansen@regionh.dk
ALK, Annabel Lee Krarup
The Capital Region Pharmacy, Hvidovre, Denmark and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amager og Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen
Patients undergoing acute orthopaedic surgery experience significant pain. The choice of pain-relieving treatment is based on national guidelines and regulatory actions. Considering the U.S. Opioid Crisis and the risk of opioid addiction, it was in 2022 politically decided by the Capital Region of Denmark to focus on consumption patterns of opioids within the region’s hospitals. Morphine is considered an opioid with a lower risk of misuse and was recommended as the first-line opioid. At the start of 2022, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Hvidovre Hospital accounted for approximately 30% of the total oral opioid consumption with oxycodone being the preferred opioid. Thus, a strategy was initiated to shift opioid use towards morphine.
The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery initiated a strategy to shift opioid use in hospitalised patients towards morphine. The strategy included including education, revision of guidelines and technical modifications to promote appropriate prescribing practices.
Opioid consumption was continuously monitored and evaluated. At the same time, administration of the antidote naloxone was recorded. The initiative included 1) education about the risk of opioid misuse, 2) e-mail follow-up to clinicians reinforcing that morphine was the first-line opioid, 3) revision of pre-filled electronic prescription packages used at the ward and operating room, 4) publication and implementation of a regional guideline specifically aimed at acute pain management in the orthopaedic surgery setting, and 5) ongoing support from pharmacists to facilitate appropriate selection of opioids.
Opioid consumption effectively shifted towards morphine, with the proportion of patients receiving oral morphine increasing from about 40% to approximately 80% of patients administered oral opioids. Moreover, the shift has remained stable for the past 10 months following the last intervention and there has been no trend toward increased usage of naloxone.
Future efforts will aim to identify reasons behind patients being prescribed non-morphine opioids and to investigate the specific circumstances under which naloxone is administered. This will enable further refinement of opioid prescribing practices and enhance patient safety.
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Lanzone E. (1), Baldessarelli D. (2), Tinebra A. M. (1), Albini E. M. E. (1), Panarotto A. (1), Rossi C. (1) – (1) SC Farmacia Ospedaliera ASL Novara, (2) Scuola di Specializzazione Farmacia Ospedaliera Novara.
A comprehensive analysis of systemic antibiotic use in hospitals during the first half of 2024 was conducted, revealing a significant increase in the consumption of WATCH class drugs, specifically carbapenems (ATC J01DH) and fluoroquinolones (J01MA). This prompted the implementation of rigorous monitoring for prescriptions of these drug classes.
These antibiotics are key targets of the National Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance (PNCAR 2022-2025), which mandates a reduction of at least 10% in consumption by 2025 compared to 2022. The initiative aimed to address the rising consumption and enhance antibiotic stewardship.
Data were extracted from the regional IT system, with consumption expressed in Defined Daily Doses (DDD) per 100 patient days. The project monitored the use of systemic antibiotics (ATC J01), focusing on carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. Motivated requests received by the Hospital Pharmacy (FO) were reviewed for therapeutic indications, dosage, treatment duration, and the availability of an antibiogram. All requests were recorded in an Excel sheet for effective data analysis and management.
In the first half of 2024, the Hospital Pharmacy received a total of 277 motivated requests for antibiotic prescriptions. Among these, 177 requests were aligned with the objectives of the PNCAR. Specifically, there were 54 requests for fluoroquinolones, including 35 for ciprofloxacin and 19 for levofloxacin. Within this subset, 16 requests included an antibiogram, while 27 were based on empirical data. Additionally, there were 6 requests for surgical prophylaxis, 1 for continuation of therapy, 1 accompanied by a positive urine culture, and 3 that were incorrectly filled out.
The analysis of requests also highlighted a significant number related to carbapenems, with a total of 123 submissions. Of these, 120 were for meropenem, 2 for imipenem in combination with cilastatin, and 1 for ertapenem. Notably, 80 of these requests included an antibiogram, with 74 deemed appropriate based on the established criteria.
Based on the collected data, modifications to the personalized motivated request form were proposed, introducing stricter criteria for empirical use of these antibiotics. This aims to limit their use to serious and well-defined cases, representing a significant step toward more effective antibiotic therapy and improved clinical outcomes while reducing the risk of resistance. The new form specifies that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin requests can only be made under certain conditions, and carbapenems are restricted to cases of hemodynamic instability or severe respiratory failure.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Ignacio Javier Tamboleo Sánchez, Julia Fernández Vela, Fernando Lago Ballester, Mª CARMEN MIRA SIRVENT, Elena Conesa Nicolas
The initiative started in October 2022, it was a response to the challenges associated with prolonged intravenous antibiotic use. The overarching goals were to enhance patient care, mitigate unnecessary intravenous antibiotic prescriptions, and foster a culture of responsible antimicrobial stewardship. Recognizing the need for a systematic and collaborative approach, the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) pharmacist played a central role in implementing interventions across various medical specialties, with a clear focus on improving patient outcomes.
The initiative promoted the adoption of sequential antibiotic therapy among hospitalised patients undergoing intravenous treatment for more than three days. Leveraging the Wise Antimicrobial Stewardship Support System® (WASPSS®) and detailed analysis of medical records, the programme identified eligible patients based on criteria such as clinical stability, oral bioavailability, infection specifics, and antibiotic suitability.
The ASP pharmacist’s central role proved instrumental, with 74% of alerts resulting in actionable recommendations. WASPSS® detects every patient with intravenous antibiotic more than 3 days and the ASP pharmacist decides which patients will benefit from sequential therapy. Choosing the recommendation criteria is essential to have a good response from medical specialties ensuring a more efficient and tailored approach to intervention implementation. The main obstacles to the introduction of this initiative were the establishment of refined communication routes and the targeted training to the different specialties which are not yet fully implemented.
Results revealed that 74% of alerts met the criteria for transitioning from intravenous to oral administration. Among the 573 alerts reviewed, 45.1% witnessed a successful switch to oral antibiotics, 21.2% showed no change, and 16.7% of patients were discharged. Notably, higher acceptance rates were observed in specific specialties, such as pneumology (61.3%) and general medicine (54.4%). Nevertheless, oncology (35,3%) general and digestive surgery (25,8%) had the lowest acceptance rate. In conclusion, the global acceptance rate was lowest than expected (43,8%) but there are many improvements measures that are being carried out.
This initiative serves as a beacon for responsible antibiotic management, making noteworthy contributions to patient safety, cost-effectiveness, and the overall quality of healthcare delivery. Recommending ongoing collaboration, continuous training, and regular analysis of recommendation criteria will enhance its impact.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Carine Schuurmans
• The use of gloves in medication administration can vary depending on several factors, including the specific healthcare hygienic policies, local guidelines, and the type of medication being administered. There is no uniform practice across all of Europe.
• According to the Dutch guideline on administration of parenteral medication disposable gloves are traditionally used during parenteral medication administration.
• Most parenteral medications do not pose a significant hazardous risk and the administration of ready to use preparations does not pose a significant infection risk.
• Re-evaluation of the Dutch guideline on administration of parenteral medication from a sustainability point of view.
• Reducing unnecessary glove usage in medication administration.
• Re-evaluating the need for disposable gloves from both an infection prevention and medication hazard point of view.
• Discussion with experts and users.
• Implementation of findings both in the inpatient and outpatient departments.
• Overall growing attention to correct glove usage.
• Reduction of use of disposable gloves during parenteral medication administration and other medical procedures
• CO2-, land occupation and water reduction by respectively 6000 CO2 eq, 600m2, 300m3 and 3500 €/month
• Revision of the Dutch guidelines on administration of parenteral medication
Clinical Pharmacy Services
Sergio Portillo-Haro, Aída Rueda-Naharro, María Martínez-Pérez, Manuela Martínez-Camacho, David García-Marco
Currently, multi-resistant microorganisms are a huge global problem of Public Health. In addition, this problem will be bigger in the next decades. The main strategy to face this threat is improve the use of antibiotics. DADA was born with this purpose. The app lets the Pharmacy Department manage a sizable number of inpatients using the time to analyse the results obtained by DADA. In other words, we have improved the efficiency in our use of time.
How was it done?
The app was developed in July 2022, and since then it has been updated multiple times to adapt it to our needs and expectations and the changes in clinical guidelines. Every Monday and Thursday, the app is started up. The results are analysed carefully by a pharmacist and afterwards the conclusions are transmitted to an Infectious Diseases Medician, who decides if modify the treatment.
In July 2022, Pharmacy Department designed an app easy to use and comfortable in order to detect active antibiotic treatments that might be de-escalated. This app, DADA (Automated Antibiotic De-escalation) is fed with data of antibiotic treatments and microbiological cultures. DADA reads and understands every gap of information, and finally search results between the active treatments comparing it with theorical de-escalation sequencies, designed by Infectious Diseases Commission in our hospital and based in local epidemiological guidelines. In this way, DADA works with automatic decision algorithms. In addition, DADA also provides alerts of active treatments for resistant microorganisms to that antibiotic.
The app was developed in July 2022, and since then it has been updated multiple times to adapt it to our needs and expectations and the changes in clinical guidelines. Every Monday and Thursday, the app is started up. The results are analyzed carefully by a pharmacist and afterwards the conclusions are transmited to an Infectious Diseases Medician, who decides if modify the treatment.
Since August 2022 to March 2023, using DADA, the Pharmacy Department has made 25 proposals of antibiotic de-escalation, and 11 proposals were accepted (44.0%) by Medicians. In addition, the Department made two proposals of change for resistance to that antibiotic, both accepted by Medicians. This app has improved efficiency of time in the clinical team.
The main outcome is to improve the confidence of Medicians in this tool, in order to increase the percentage of acceptance in the proposals. Furthermore, the app can be more complete and interprets data, such as analytics parameters. In the future, other hospitals might use this tool to analyse their patients or in outpatients treatments.
Introductory Statements and Governance
Giorgia Babaglioni, Lorenzo Silva, Elena Festa, Daniela Paganotti, Tullio Elia Testa
In Italy, the rising PDMPs demand had to face the international shortage caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak. The self-sufficiency level of albumin represents one of the National Blood Centre (NBC) main challenge, in view of the health system sustainability.
The hospital pharmacy of a northern Italy centre, in accordance with the Good Use of Blood Committee, introduced a nominal form for human albumin (HA) requests to evaluate and rationalise the HA clinical-therapeutic demand. It represents a pharmacist led intervention approach shared by physicians, in favour of an economically sustainable healthcare contrasting the lack of plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs).
Prescription criteria were updated according to the most recent guidelines. The cut-off of blood albumin level above 2.5 g/dl has been introduced as eligibility threshold value and for the daily dose calculation, except for HA calculation based on volumes for plasmapheresis and large volume evacuative paracentesis in hepatic cirrhosis. The pharmacy provides a maximum of five days therapy, then a new revaluation and updating of blood albuminemia was required; 690 total requests were analyzed.
In March 2023, HA consumption was 61400 gr, collapsed by 75% in April and then settled at – 58% in May and June. The most important reductions in monthly requirements affected the surgical (- 75%), intensive (- 62%), internist (- 64%) and gastro-hepatological (- 52%) areas. 97,5% of requests were on-label: 20% for plasmapheresis or paracentesis, 21% for liver failure, 16% for cirrhosis of the liver with refractory ascites. 26% of requests (n = 180) reported in-range blood albumin value, while the 14% was unknown or ongoing because administered in emergency phase. 37% of requests has been evaded even if the blood albumin was > 2,5 g/dl due to mandatory clinical need. Thanks to the new prescription model it was possible to save € 91 752 in the second quarter.
The introduction of the reasoned request allowed to achieve albumin self-sufficiency with voluntary blood donations and reduce the market products purchase. Furthermore, it fostered the clinicians awareness on the HA use appropriateness, considering crystalloids and non-protein colloids as alternative therapeutic strategies as resuscitation fluids.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Vanesa Alonso Castro, Pablo Jimenez Moreno, Marta Alcaraz Borrajo, Angel Luis Mataix Sanjuan, Beatriz Casamayor Lázaro, Maria Dolores García Cerezuela , Cristian Rosas Espinoza, Beatriz Santos Mena, Estrella Maroto García, Beatriz López Centeno, Daniele Alioto, María Jose Calvo Alcántara
MTX is an immunosuppressor drug utilised in certain types of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Its dosage and frequency of administration varies depending on indication.
Throughout the years, medication errors (ME) have been reported at national and supranational levels where patients have received excessive doses (the most common being daily administration of the drug rather than weekly) with severe consequences for the patients, including death.
In our RHS, 222 ME related to MTX have been reported in the last 5 years,seven of them resulted in harm to the patient.
An integral strategy to ensure the correct prescribing of weekly Methotrexate (MTX) was developed in a Regional Health Service (RHS).
1st PHASE (May 2021):
a. Monthly reporting to prescribers of their patients affected by duplicated prescriptions or incorrect dosing instructions for review and amending. These reports are available on the IT platform that collates prescribing indicators.
b. Development and dissemination of training materials to correctly prescribe medications with non-daily dosing instructions in the RHS electronic prescription tool.
2nd PHASE (After two years of follow-up):
a. Request to implement ME prevention plans (MEPP) to the hospitals of the RHS.
b. Creation and dissemination of informative material for patients and/or caregivers, where the weekly dosing instructions is emphasized.
Incidence of MTX prescribing mistakes: When this strategy was implemented, prescriptions for 2388 patients had been identified as potential mistakes. 1 year later, the incidence had diminished by 78.1% (2146 cases were resolved, 242 were still active and 310 were new). 2 years later, the incidence remained stable with a reduction of 78.5% thoroughout the whole period and 514 patients affected (150 new MTX prescribing mistakes in the last year).
• MEPP implantation (2nd PHASE): In two months, six hospitals (17.6% of all) implemented a MEPP. The key strategies that should be included in the MEPPs were disseminated to all hospitals by our team.
Thanks to this strategy, MTX prescribing mistakes have fallen by 78.5% in two years. However, prescribing mistakes continue to be made, which demonstrates the need for continuous training and awareness raising among prescribers to prevent ME related to MTX.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Carla Noguera-Jurado, Alba Manzaneque, Gloria Molas, Genis Castells, Sandra Jara, Bernat Tenas, Jordi Nicolas
Bispecific antibodies (BA) have the ability to specifically bind two different antigens, thereby presenting specificity for two different cells. Among the toxicities associated with these drugs are cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immunoeffector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), the management of which requires multidisciplinary action. The purpose of this circuit is to ensure adequate management of these toxicities to guarantee patient safety.
Creation of an action plan for haematological patients treated with bispecific antibodies for the detection and proper management of their toxicities.
A multidisciplinary team formed by Pharmacy, Haematology, Nursing, Intensive Care Medicine and Neurology was created and the healthcare professionals involved were specifically instructed. Moreover, an action circuit was implemented for the detection and management of these toxicities, and a specific protocol was created for the preparation and dispensing of tocilizumab. The protocol contemplated: centralisation of the preparation in the pharmacy department (within the pharmacy hours) or preparation in the hospitalisation ward by trained professionals using a kit previously prepared by the pharmacist (containing drug, serum and closed system dispositive for the preparation and administration of tocilizumab outside pharmacy hours).
From July 2022 to August 2023, a total of five patients have been treated with BA in our institution (elranatamab (4/5), and teclistamab (1/5)), including clinical trials and compassionate use, for Multiple Myeloma.
Three patients presented grade 1 CRS in the first cycle of treatment, which was resolved with symptomatic therapy, with no need for tocilizumab administration in any case. In addition, one also presented grade 1 ICANS, which only required monitoring without treatment.
The availability of the toxicity management circuit, in addition to staff training, allowed toxicities to be detected and resolved early and, if tocilizumab had been needed, the circuit would have ensured its immediate availability.
The implementation of a multidisciplinary care circuit led by pharmacy and haematology guarantees the adequate management of toxicities associated with the treatment, ensuring the best quality of care for the patients and their safety.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Laura Doménech Moral, Raquel López Martínez, Maria Eugenia Palacio Lacambra, Emili Vallvé Alcon, Ángel Arévalo Bernabé, María Guerra González, Maria Queralt Gorgas Torner
At PS Vall d’Hebron, one of our strategic objectives is to enhance the patient safety culture internally and externally within PS.
Establishment of a core safety team within the Pharmacy Service (PS) with representatives from various areas and positions, along with established activities and indicators: the Safety Team.
By organising internal meetings of the Safety team to manage, lead, and plan activities related to medication safety. These activities include:
Advising on and/or managing medication safety incidents reported to the Patient Safety Incident Notification System of Catalonia (SNiSP) Vall d’Hebron.
Conducting biweekly “5 minutes of safety” meetings between pharmacy technicians and a member of the Safety team in the General, Maternal-Infant, Trauma, Outpatient, and Oncology-Haematology areas. In each meeting, the minutes from the previous one are reviewed to report on agreements and progress related to the topics discussed. Incidents reported to SNiSP related to medication dispensing and logistics are discussed, and there is an open discussion for technicians to share safety issues, questions, and medication-related incidents. These situations (reported incidents and those detected by technicians) are collectively analysed to propose prevention measures. Minutes of each meeting are documented and made available in a shared resource.
Weekly “safety pearls” presentations where sentinel medication incidents are presented, along with root cause analysis, by a representative of the Safety team. Situations that have led to medication incidents/errors in prescription and treatment validation are also discussed, along with proposed prevention measures by other PS members.
Conducting sessions related to safety during PS Sessions to present the actions taken by the safety core team and its collaboration with the Hospital’s Error Prevention Subcommittee.
More than 100 medication incidents reported to SNiSP have been managed.
Over 50 meetings with PS technicians, resulting in more than 45 improvement actions derived from notifications and detected issues, such as creating infographics for proper medication identification (everolimus, vitamin D), improving the urgent medication dispensing process without a prescription, or enhancing the management of “off-label” medications.
Around 20 safety pearls involving all pharmacists, leading to the creation of protocols, default guidelines, and updates to prescription and administration advice in the prescription programme.
Two annual patient safety-related sessions.
Continuing to enhance the safety culture through sessions and meetings involving various stakeholders, implementing an online medication error prevention course, and expanding the team.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
IGNASI SACANELLA ANGLÈS, MARTA MARTIN MARQUÉS, HELENA SUÑER BARRIGA, DAVID PASCUAL CARBONELL, PILAR LÓPEZ BROSETA, JÚLIA BODEGA AZUARA, MARÍA VUELTA ARCE, Mª ÁNGELES ROCH VENTURA, ISABEL PLO SECO, ERIKA ESTEVE PITARCH, ANTONIO GARCÍA MOLINA, SÒNIA JORNET MONTAÑA, CARLA DAIANA CIUCIU, SILVIA CONDE GINER, LAURA CANADELL VILARRASA
Drug dosages and treatment algorithms in paediatric emergencies must be precise and unambiguous to ensure the safety and well-being of patients. Therefore, the introduction of electronic prescription systems in the Paediatric Emergency Room (PER) has become essential to assist clinical staff in prescribing, preparing, and administering the most commonly used drugs.
Design and implementation of pharmacological cards as a supporting tool to standardise and streamline the dosages, preparation, and administration of the most frequently used drugs in paediatric emergencies, ensuring a prompt and safe response.
Pharmacological cards were developed for paediatric emergencies, including scenarios such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), seizures, sepsis, hypoglycaemia, anaphylaxis, and respiratory emergencies. These cards included the most commonly prescribed drugs, with input and agreement from paediatricians.
The files were organised based on weight categories (3.5-60 kg) and considered the age range of patients (0-15 years). Information collected included the active ingredient, commercial name and presentation, dose per kilogramme, total dosage, dose (expressed as volume for administration), maximum allowable dose, and administration technique. Certain specific conditions were highlighted in colour.
Both medical and nursing staff underwent training in the utilisation of these tools. An evaluation of the protocols was conducted 12 months after their implementation.
We developed a total of 21 pharmacological cards, categorised by weight range, encompassing 33 drugs commonly used in paediatric emergencies.
The pharmacological cards were designed in a tabular format, which included the following information: active principle (highlighted in black), commercial name (in red), drug concentration (in blue), standardised dose (in g, mg, mcg, ml, mEq) per kilogramme, total dosage, total volume for administration, maximum allowable dose, route of administration, and administration technique. Additionally, we used background colours to highlight specific situations, such as red for CPR, black for intravenous administration, green for intramuscular routes, and purple for intranasal administration.
During the 12-month evaluation period, we did not encounter any medication-related errors.
The development of pharmacological cards has helped to standardise practices and simplify the prescription, preparation, and administration of commonly used drugs in paediatric emergency situations. The protocolisation and implementation of this tool have enhanced drug safety in emergency scenarios by reducing human errors and minimising medication-related harm.
