EAHP represents over 29,000 hospital pharmacists across 36 member countries. EAHP represents and develops the hospital pharmacy profession within Europe in order to ensure the continuous improvement of care and outcomes for patients in the hospital setting. This is achieved through science, research, education, practice, as well as sharing best-practice and responsibility with other healthcare professionals.
The EAHP Board, elected for three-year terms, oversees the association’s activities. Comprising directors responsible for core functions, it meets regularly to implement strategic goals. Supported by EAHP staff, the Board controls finances, coordinates congress organization, and ensures compliance with statutes and codes of conduct.
The EAHP staff supports the Board in executing EAHP’s mission. The Staff assists in financial management, events organisations, policy activities and all EAHP projects. The EAHP staff works closely with EAHP’s members and ensures the effective communication all relevant stakeholders.
The first member countries were Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and The Netherlands in 1972. EAHP has now 36 EAHP members and 2 Associate Members. EAHP is open to countries members of the Council of Europe and since 2022 to organisations representing the interests of hospital pharmacists from outside the Council of Europe (Associate Membership)
EAHP’s structure is also composed by different standing committes: EAHP Scientific Committee, EAHP Education Executive Committee and the EAHP CTF Steering Committee.
At EAHP, we are committed to transparency in our governance, ethical standards, and funding practices. This section provides open access to our foundational documents, including the EAHP Statutes, Code of Conduct, and Funding Sources. By sharing these resources, we aim to uphold accountability and foster trust with our members, partners, and the public.
Keep up with all EAHP’s events and webinars. Contact the team at info@eahp.eu should you have any questions about upcoming events or activities.
Here you can find all upcoming events organised by EAHP and by all its members and associate members. Do not hesitate to contact the events team at events@eahp.eu should you have any questions about the organisation of these events.
Hospital pharmacists conduct a critical role in the care of patients in hospitals. Learn more about what they do here and in all the pages under Hospital Pharmacy practice and Policy.
Self-Assessment
SILCC
Closed SIGs
EAHP brings together experts from many areas of hospital pharmacy practice providing and highlighting good local sustainable practices as that can be up-scaled and shared with other countries. The EAHP Working Group on Sustainability has the aim of reducing the environmental burden of the hospital pharmacy services.
The European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP), and its 36 member country platforms are creating a Common Training Framework for the hospital pharmacy education in Europe. The goal of this project is to allow the free movement of hospital pharmacists within the European Union.
The European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) and the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) have collaboratively developed the Oath to Society. The Oath to Society is all encompassing and acts as a contract for excellence in providing compassionate patient care, working as part of the healthcare team and advancing the pharmacy profession, and showcasing how clinical and hospital pharmacists work every day
A day created to highlight the importance and to celebrate the work done by hospital pharmacies. This day celebrates all hospital pharmacy teams.
Catch up with EAHP’s press releases
Find all EAHP relevant publication like the EAHP Surveys, annual reports and the history books.
The European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy (EJHP) is the only official journal of the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP) and is committed to advancing the science, practice and profession of hospital pharmacy. As the premier communication platform for hospital pharmacists worldwide, EJHP is a major source for continuing education as well as updates on advances in the practice and standard of pharmaceutical care for patients.
When EAHP and Hospital pharmacists appear in the news.
EAHP publishes a monthly EU monitor with updates about the latest EAHP initiatives and information relevant for the hospital pharmacy profession.
Sponsor Channel
The Sponsor Channel is designed to maximise visibility and engagement, allowing sponsors to connect with the hospital pharmacy community and partners in a dynamic and interactive environment. From product demonstrations to networking sessions, the Sponsor Channel offers a range of opportunities for sponsors to showcase their offerings and generate leads in the new EAHP Website.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
The number of patients treated with autologous eye drops has increased significantly in recent years, which has led to the need to create an intra-hospital circuit to ensure the traceability of samples throughout the extraction, processing and dispensing process.
Create a circuit to ensure traceability of the patient’s plasma at all times, thus avoiding any confusion.
In order to avoid the transport of samples by patients and consequently the loss of samples or possible errors, the following circuit was developed:
– The extraction and centrifugation of the patient’s blood is agreed with the Biochemistry Service, the orderly is in charge of taking it to the pharmacotechnics laboratory, in the Pharmacy Service, where the time of delivery will be noted.
– If the plasma arrives before 12:00 noon, the patient will be called late in the morning for dispensing. If the delivery is later, it will be scheduled for the following day.
– The eye drops are then prepared.
– Finally, they are dispensed directly from the laboratory by the pharmacists or by the technicians trained for this purpose, always under the supervision of the pharmacist responsible for the area. Traceability is maintained throughout the entire process.
To make everything possible, several training meetings had to be held with Bioquimica.
Since the implementation of this circuit at the beginning of 2023, 166 batches of autologous eye drops have been produced for 72 patients, with only one error recorded, where a plasma that was not correctly identified was delivered and discarded.
In addition, the waiting time for dispensing the preparation was reduced by 33%, from 30 minutes to less than 10 minutes, thus achieving greater patient satisfaction.
The application of this circuit prevents samples from being transported by the patient, avoiding any type of accident, as well as ensuring the correct traceability of the samples. On the other hand, patient waiting times are reduced by dispensing samples directly from the laboratory area, thus avoiding waiting times for consultations.
Production and Compounding
Susana Fraga, Cláudia Cunha, Susana Pissarra , Carla Sampaio, Diana Silva, Pedro Soares, Teresa Soares, Renata Barbosa
Human milk banks (HMBs) must use rigorous quality assurance practices to protect infants and milk processing, and post-pasteurization procedures are important in maintaining high-quality breast milk and safeguarding its quality.
The compounding pharmacist has all the knowledge and experience needed to implement processing circuits based on good handling practices and sterile technique, combined with quality assurance procedures to ensure their safety.
Pharmacy implementation of the Donor Human Milk (DHM) processing circuit (by pasteurization) and conditions.
Bibliographical research and critical analysis of the functioning of HMB worldwide, with multidisciplinary meetings to define the best and most secure quality practices.
Equipment choice, in accordance with recommendations and assessment of their technical requirements.
Adaptation of the informatic medical integrated system to the DHM prescription, processing, quality control and dispensing circuit.
Design of the DHM circuit based on good practices for the safe use of products of human origin and on a robust quality assurance plan.
A DHM circuit was put into practice, with pharmacist intervention in DHM processing, quality control, and batch release.
Procedures for aseptic handling, quality control with check points and risk analysis, packaging, and labelling of DHM were outlined.
Work instructions were also established for handling equipment (pasteuriser, bottle sealer, laminar flow chamber) as well as procedures for cleaning facilities and material/equipment, with training sessions for the professionals involved.
The multidisciplinary circuit was adapted to the organisational management of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), HMB, and Pharmaceutical Services, certified on 18 April 2023 according to ISO 9001:2015 recommendations.
Guidelines for the correct use of equipment in accordance with its recommendations and technical requirements were established.
Opening more HMB worldwide is an inevitability. Prevailing know how at the level of hospital pharmacies represent several advantages to these projects, based on experience and expertise in manipulating biological products and maintaining a controlled circuit based on safety and quality standards.
Production and Compounding
Bojan Žagar, Matej Vehovc, Mateja Tršan, Blaž Vehar
Cefazolin injection 100 mg/mL is a sterile pharmaceutical formulation comprising cefazolin sodium and water for injections. Traditionally, cefazolin injections were prepared on hospital wards by reconstituting cefazolin sodium powder for injections with water for injections and subsequent dilution before intravenous administration.
Establish a semi-automatic aseptic preparation process, ensure the production of final products that meet quality standards, develop analytical methodologies for in-process and final product quality control, ensure the reliability and validity of test results, and conduct a stability study to confirm long-term storage.
Product materials include: Pharmacy Bulk Package of Cefazolin for Injection, USP, water for injections, Luer Lock 20 mL sterile polypropylene syringes, steribags. Product is prepared with aseptic technique within a laminar flow unit situated in a pharmaceutical cleanroom. Bulk package is connected to a dispensing device, followed by reconstitution with water for injections. In-process samples are collected and volume-adjusted based on density. Following the preparation and dispensing, syringes undergo labeling and packaging into steribags. They are then promptly stored at -30°C within 4 hours. Final product samples are obtained and analysed (pH value, cefazolin content, endotoxins, sterility) prior to product release.
Preparation of cefazolin sodium injections in a controlled, aseptic environment utilizing pre-prepared bags containing the appropriate cefazolin concentration (100 mg/mL) has successfully addressed critical concerns surrounding the safety, efficacy, and quality of these pharmaceuticals when administered on hospital wards. Challenges related to stability and shelf life are being addressed with the storage approach at -30°C within the pharmacy, followed by a carefully monitored transition to ward storage at 5°C for up to 28 days, and subsequent patient administration at room temperature within 2 days.
This approach not only streamlines the process but also safeguards the well-being of patients, marking a significant advancement in pharmaceutical preparation within our healthcare setting. We are conducting an ICH-compliant stability study with the objective of establishing a combined shelf life of 90 days at -30°C, followed by 28 days at 5°C, and an additional 2 days at room temperature.
Production and Compounding
Lucija Tominović Gjivić, Gabrijela Kos, Anita Šimić
In order to ensure correct use of voretigene neparvovec and minimise the risks associated with its administration, the product can be distributed only through treatment centres where qualified staff (vitreoretinal surgeons and pharmacists) have participated in the mandatory risk management plan (RMP) education program required by EMA.
Since voretigene neparvovec has to be transported and stored frozen at ≤-65 ºC, has short shelf life after dilution (4 hours), contains genetically modified organisms and must be handled according to local biosafety guidelines, there was a need for establishing standard operating procedures (SOPs) for each step of the treatment process.
The University Eye Clinic, University Hospital Sveti Duh in Zagreb, Croatia, was designated as the world’s 6th gene therapy centre in 2020.
Hospital pharmacists, as part of a multidisciplinary team, play an important role in preparation and administration of the gene therapy product voretigene neparvovec which is indicated for the treatment of patients with vision loss due to inherited retinal dystrophy caused by biallelic RPE65 (retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kilodalton protein) mutations.
The multidisciplinary team consists of a paediatric ophthalmologist, an inherited retinal disease specialist, retinal surgeons, pharmacists and nurses.
SOPs were created for: ordering process, storage of the product, coordination between members of the multidisciplinary team, preparation of the product, administration and disposal of waste.
Preparation of voretigene neparvovec is performed under aseptic conditions in a Class II vertical laminar flow biological safety cabinet (BSC) according to Pharmacy Manual which was ensured by the manufacturer.
Since 2020. there had been 47 dose applications of voretigene neparvovec (26 patients, Croatian and nonCroatian citizens).
The prevalence of inherited retinal dystrophy associated with biallelic RPE65 mutation is 1:200 000 and it is expected that there are 19 individuals (population of 3,8, million) with biallelic RPE65 mutation in Croatia, and 13 of them were detected since 2020.
There were no registered side effects which could be associated with errors during the preparation or administration of voretigene neparvovec.
With the increasing number of gene and cell-based therapies, the need for continuous education of hospital pharmacists and exchange their experiences is greater than ever.
Production and Compounding
Aleksandra Bračko, Janez Ilaš
The rapid adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test is a commonly performed test in all hospital departments of the University Medical Centre Maribor. The reason for its widespread use lies in its simple execution using a pre-filled syringe containing precisely 1 µg of tetracosactide solution. Until the year 2016, we prepared a 5 ml solution with a concentration of 5 µg/ml in glass vials. Based on a literature data we set a shelf life of three months from the date of production for the solution filled in plastic syringe. The solution in glass vials has a shelf life of four months. We wanted to confirm this shelf-life with several analytical methods.
The aim of our work was the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of tetracosactide peptide in a solution with a concentration of 5 µg/ml, filled in glass and plastic containers and stored under different conditions, using multiple methods. We stored the sample solution of tetracosactide for five months under various conditions. We performed the analysis using the Qubit 4 fluorometer, the Bradford method and method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS).
The first two relatively simple methods, Qubit 4 fluorometer, the Bradford method, did not provide the desired results. We assume that these methods were not sensitive enough for our sample with a concentration of 5 µg/ml. In the end, we used the UHPLC-HRMS analysis, which proved to be sensitive and highly selective.
The peptide molecule has eight basic centers in its structure, so both tetracosactide and each impurity were differently charged in an acidic medium, specifically +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, and +8. The distribution of charge of tetracosactide and impurities among the samples is very similar, with the highest proportion represented by molecules with a charge of +6. We have identified 11 impurities. The highest proportion was represented by impurity with the increased mass of 16 Da (tetracosactide sulfoxide). HPLC-HRMS method is highly selective and allows identification of each impurity
Based on the findings we will validate a method for quantification of the selected impurities which will allow us to perform the stability study of according to the ICH guidelines.
Production and Compounding
Aidan Morris, Louise Byrne
• mAbs were considered hazardous if handled by staff – prepared in a dedicated isolator in the PAU in TUH.
• No widely accepted standards for safe handling of mAbs, although more recent guidance allows preparation of some mAbs outside of PAUs once risks appropriately assessed.
• Significant reduction in production capacity in the PAU in early 2022 for planned repair work. Benchtop preparation of mAbs implemented to maintain patients’ treatment regimens and to reduce costs associated with outsourcing.
• Preparation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on the pharmacy benchtop temporarily introduced in the Pharmacy Aseptic Unit (PAU) of Tallaght University Hospital (TUH).
• Guidance from Ireland’s National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) on Pharmacy Benchtop Preparation of mAbs reviewed and implemented.
• Risk assessment carried out for individual mAbs. List of mAbs suitable for benchtop preparation prepared.
• Implementation of the NCCP guidance on Pharmacy Benchtop Preparation of mAbs. Advice on risk assessments and safety, equipment and facilities, and staffing and training when preparing mAbs on the benchtop.
• Literature review of the hazards associated with handling mAbs – toxicity, immunogenicity, risk reduction measures. Individual mAbs assessed for suitability for benchtop preparation using Health Service Executive (HSE) risk assessment tool. This considered toxicity, immunogenicity and closed system transfer device (CSTD)-compatibility of mAbs, and personal protective equipment required.
• CSTD vial adaptor based on air cleaning (filter) technology replaced with vial adaptor with physical barrier (balloon) – additional safety measure. Dedicated area assigned for benchtop preparation – well-ventilated, clutter-free and easy-to-clean.
• Additional training on new vial adaptor provided to pharmacy technicians already experienced in aseptic compounding.
• List of mAbs suitable for benchtop preparation prepared. Conjugated antibody-drug complexes, mAbs of fully murine origin and mAbs not CSTD-compatible deemed unsuitable.
• mAbs prepared on the benchtop during period of reduced capacity, maintaining patients’ treatment regimens and reducing outsourcing costs, wastage.
• Facilitated by risk assessment and risk reduction using PPE, training and CSTDs.
• Although safety and handling requirements of mAbs not fully known, prudent to handle them with more care than most drugs but less than for cytotoxics.
• Contingency plan for benchtop preparation of mAbs in case of future reduced PAU capacity.
• Can be applied to other organisations experiencing periods of reduced capacity.
Production and Compounding
Peder Nygard, Helle-Brit Fiebrich-Westra, Elise Smolders
The aim of this project was to reduce paclitaxel waste caused by cancellation of administrations. Standardised dose bands make interchangeability of already reconstituted paclitaxel bags easier, as more patients use the same dose. This could potentially save drug- and material waste and costs even as manpower.
Paclitaxel fixed dose bands were created for patients treated with a weekly dose of 80 mg/m2.
In consultation with prescribers the dose bands for paclitaxel where created (see table). These dosages were implemented as a dose-rounding rules in the drug preparation software (Hix 6.2, ChipSoft BV). The maximum deviation for dose-rounding rules for paclitaxel in our hospital is 10% of the prescribed dose. Dosage ≤72mg or >200mg were rounded as normal.
Prescribed dose (mg) Dose-band (mg) m2 (dose 80 mg/m2
>72 ≤88 78 1.0
>88 ≤102 96 1.2
>102 ≤116 114 1.4
>116 ≤136 126 1.6
>136 ≤152 144 1.8
>152 ≤168 162 2.0
>168 ≤184 174 2.2
>184 ≤200 192 2.4
These rules were implemented in April 2022. Data from 1 May 2022 to 31 August 2022 is compared with the same time period in 2021. In 2022, a total of 729 infusions where prepared compared with 872 infusions in 2021.
In this 4 month time period in 2022 a total of 14 different dosages were prescribed, compared with 24 in the same time period in 2021. Additionally, interchangeability was improved as the top 3 dosages prepared by the pharmacy were: 144 mg (36%), 162 mg (22%), and 126 mg (19%) compared with 144 mg (17%), 138 mg (14%), and 126 mg (10%) in 2021.
Furthermore, in 2021 we discarded 33 prepared dosages of paclitaxel of which three infusions could be reused. Compared to 13 discarded dosages in 2022 of which eight were reused giving a reduction of 25 infusions less waste (83% reduction, savings ~2500 euros).
Pharmacists need to be instructed to adapt these rounding rules, which must decrease the variation in dosages and thus waste. Secondly, this project will be monitored the upcoming year and evaluated together with prescribers. The aim is to implement dose bands for paclitaxel dosages 175 mg/m2 and other chemotherapeutic drugs (eg, oxaliplatin, docetaxel, cyclophosphamide).
Production and Compounding
Lucia Ricchi, Gregorio Medici, Porretta Serapiglia Carla, Marzia Bacchelli, Marianna Rivasi
Hazardous drugs (HDs) may include antineoplastic or cytotoxic agents, biologic agents, antiviral agents, immunosuppressive agents, and drugs from other classes. Healthcare workers, especially nurses and pharmacy personnel, experience occupational exposure to these HDs.
Preparation and administration of ganciclovir should only be performed by health professionals who have been appropriately educated and trained and deemed competent in its use. Until now the preparation of ganciclovir was performed by the pharmacy’s antiblastic drugs unit. However, during closing times, kits for the self-preparation (antiblastic gloves and gowns, FFP3 masks, eye protections and brief instructions for reconstitution) were provided.
Many strategies have been deployed to reduce the risk of occupational exposure to HDs, including control devices designed to act as closed systems and preventing exposure through liquid or vapor leakage. These devices mechanically prohibit the escape of HDs from the system and can be used for preparing and administering these drugs.
Some of the intensive care units of our hospital have been enabled to prepare their own ganciclovir bags by using a closed system drug transfer device (CSTDs).
Each nurse involved was instructed by hospital pharmacists on how to handle CSTDs. In addition to this they were also given a short video and an infographic showing the main operations to be carried out.
Ganciclovir bags are prepared using the Tevadaptor® (Simplivia), in a needleless technique, by combination of the Vial adaptor, the Syringe adaptor, the Spike port adaptor and a connector closed male (Spiros, ICU).
Use of CSTDs is a simple and effective way to reduce exposure to HDs, provide better protection, better aseptic technique and better containment of waste than the traditional method, as well as allows the preparation of HDs to be carried out outside the antineoplastic drug unit.
In the future their use could also be extended to the preparation of monoclonal antibodies and antibiotics considering that there is not enough definitive research on the effects of occupational exposure to these agents. And, to date, there is no known safe maximum level of exposure to these drugs.
Production and Compounding
Alessandro D’Arpino, Fiorenza Enrico, Caterina Donati, Simone Leoni, Giorgia Longobardo, Marco Bellero, Alessandra Bianco, Giuseppe Zacchi, Anna Zaltieri, Stefano Monica, Nicolò Squartini, Matteo Federici
In most of Italian healthcare organizations, the large majority of non-cytotoxic IV medications are prepared in clinical environment by nursing staff. This is recognized as a complex and labour-intensive process that entails various risks of potential medication errors (microbial contamination, wrong reconstitution/dosing). Centralizing the preparation from the clinical environment to the pharmacy in order to provide ready-to-administer IV medications represents a strategy to improve safety and prevent medication errors.
The community of APOTECA technology users is committed to fostering co-de¬sign of technology based on the hospitals’ needs and sharing best practices for improving hospital pharmacy services. During a meeting taken place in September 2021, a panel of hospital pharmacists belonging to APOTECA community laid the groundwork for centralized preparation of non-cytotoxic intravenous (IV) drugs and establishment of Central Intravenous Additive Service (CIVAS) in Italian hospital pharmacies.
The following methodology was adopted to promote a standard profile of centralization: (1) definition of criteria for the selection of drugs suitable for centralized preparation, (2) identification of IV medication classes for which preparation should be centralized due to intrinsic risks and demand, (3) evaluation of potential benefits, (4) discussion on organizational challenges regarding the establishment of CIVAS, (5) assessment of the role of automated preparation with robotics.
Five selection criteria to centralize drugs were mentioned: long-term stability data, frequency of use, cost, complexity of preparation, microbial contamination risk. Continuous infusion of antibiotics, vasoactive drugs, anaesthetics, pain medications, intravitreal injections, and patient-individual doses for paediatric patients were chosen as eligible IV medication classes to implement centralized preparation. Major benefits of centralization were pointed out, i.e. proper aseptic preparation, perspective quality controls, process traceability, reduced drug wastage, and releasing nursing time to care. Logistics, inventory management, limited space, and inadequate quality control units were identified as main challenges to the CIVAS establishment. Participants agreed that robotics plays an important role to minimize repetitive manual activities, optimize working efficiency, and increase pharmacy production capacity, thereby streamlining the introduction of CIVAS.
A close collaboration between healthcare staff and hospital pharmacy will be essential to evaluate the feasibility of centralized preparation as well as its clinical and cost-effectiveness.
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance
Our proposed system comes from the idea of a large clean room with pressure regimes, and airlock, hoods and other ancillary equipment, Which we made from it a very small clean room that is our box, when there will be no need for us as operators to get into it, or very simply take only those parts that are supposed to be sterile, and only those parts that are the two ends of the infusion bag and the end of the medicine vial
“Closed” and airtight system for preparation (reconstitution, measurement, dilution) and injection of IV drugs at the patient’s bedside, in the various clinics and further home treatment, Disposable system, All its parts come in one piece without the need for threading, or assembly and disassembly
Estimated dimensions: 10 cm length, 5 cm width and 3.5 cm depth or similar, its shape can be rectangular or any shape convenient for use operation storage and destruction at the end of the process
Intended for a wide range of types of drugs – such as intravenous antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs, biological drugs, etc.
Designed according to its different variations for different types of vials and different amounts of drugs that come as a dry powder for dissolution, and are also suitable for drugs that come in the dissolved liquid form.
It is also intended for use with glass ampoules and there is a wide range of drugs that still come in glass ampoules
Intended for administration of drugs that do not need to be diluted in an infusion bag given in IV PUSH
We designed the device with 3D software (solid wark). It consists of a number of functional parts,
The sterile closed system comprises an airtight enclosure, which is shaped so as to define an enclosure interior; and an infusion-bag receptacle. An infusion-bag seal is configured, when in a sealing state, to make an airtight seal with respective external surfaces of a medication port and an IV tubing port of a bottom region of the infusion bag, when the medication port and an IV tubing port are inserted into the infusion-bag receptacle.
The proposed solution and its advantage
– A single-use system built in one piece, without the need for assemblies, disassembles, etc.
It will be possible to perform the entire process in one place, such as at the patient’s bedside or in the clinic, starting with the powdered drug dissolving process, mixing a measured dose, mixing it in an infusion bag and injecting it into the patient’s vein safely and accurately.
Maintains the perfect process under sterile conditions without fear of contamination of the injected drug
– Preparation in a system that is safe for the immediate environment and safe for the caregiver himself from contamination of drugs such as cytotoxic drugs, antibiotics and more
Savings in building very expensive infrastructure of clean rooms
Saving on very expensive disposables, such as closed system transfered deviced, robes and more
Save valuable work time dedicated team of pharmacists, nurses work time, work time transportation, storage places and more
Minimize the chance of errors in administering medications and confusion between different medications
Working with non-exposed needles reduces the chance of needle prick injury
Applied research will be carried out by pharmacists and nurses, in order to test the efficacy and safety of the device (by using a basic prototype), these experiments will use different IV administration drugs, we will test the method of dilution from a drug vials and glass ampoules, measure the exact dose and transfer to the infusion bag, and remove through the IV line, the accuracy of the preparation, the sterility of the preparation, the quality in terms of leakage or drip, comfort, safety and more are measured.
